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An inquisition is an ecclesiastical tribunal established by Pope Gregory IX c. 1232 for the suppression of heresy. It was active chiefly in northern Italy and southern France, becoming notorious for the use of torture. In 1542 the papal Inquisition was re-established to combat Protestantism, eventually becoming an organ of papal government.
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Humanism is an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. It's a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholasticism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought. Ancient Greek and Roman arts and thoughts were focused more on human than godly things.
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Perspective is the art of drawing solid objects on a two-dimensional surface so as to give the right impression of their height, width, depth, and position in relation to each other when viewed from a particular point. During the Renaissance, perspective was a big change. Art now had dimension and shape.
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The printing revolution began in 1440 when Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press. The printing press is a machine that applies pressure to an ink surface onto a piece of paper transferring the ink. This led to the Printing Revolution because books were now affordable and there were an abundant amount of them. this caused more people to become literate and educated.
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Lorenzo de'Medici was a ruler of the Florentine Republic and a statesman. He was the most brilliant of all the Medicis. He ruled from 1478 to 1492.
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Leonardo was an all around Renaissance man. Today, he is known for his paintings and scientific discoveries. They can still be found all around the world.
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Johan invented the printing press.It's believed to be the most important invention of the modern era. The printing press allowed people to become more educated and think for themselves.
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Machiavelli was a political philosopher and statesman. His most famous work, the Prince (Il Principe), brought him a reputation as an atheist and an immoral cynic. The book was a handbook/guide for people of a higher power.
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Erasmus was a humanist. He was considered the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance. He was also the first editor of the new testament.
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Copernicus was an astronomer, mathematician, translator, artist, and physicist. He is most known for being the first astronomer to introduce the heliocentric theory. He discovered the planets orbit around the sun.
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Michelangelo is considered to be one of the greatest artists during the Italian Renaissance. His work demonstrated a blend of psychological insight, physical realism and intensity never before seen. Today, he is known for the sculpture David and the ceiling painting in the Sistine Chapel.
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Thomas More was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and Renaissance humanist. More is known for his 1516 book Utopia. He is also known for refusing to acknowledge King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England.
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Raphael was an architect and painter. He is considered a leading figure of the Italian High Renaissance. He is best known for his "Madonnas," including the Sistine Madonna, and for his large figure compositions in the Palace of the Vatican in Rome.
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Martin was a German monk who began the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century. He's one of the most influential and controversial figures in Christian history. Martin Luther wrote the 95 Theses.
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Thomas Cramner was discovered by Henry VIII. Henry sent him away to become the new pope so he could divorce Henry and his first wife. The plan worked and Thomas divorced Henry and his wife and later married him and his second wife.
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Henry VIII was married and only had daughters but wanted a son. He asked the Pope to divorce him and his wife so he could marry another to have a son. The pope refused which lead to Henry taking over the Church. He then divorced his wife and got married 5 other times. He did get the son he wanted.
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John is considered the most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation. He published "Institutes of the Christian Religion" to try and standardize the theories of Protestantism. Calvin became the leader of Geneva and established a religious government.
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The sale of indulgences began in the Catholic Church in 1517. People would pay the church to get rid of their sins. They were told that paying indulgences would get you or someone who already died to heaven faster.
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Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife. When Henry, his son and his other daughter died the throne went to Elizabeth. She re-established the Church of England.
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The heliocentric theory was first proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus. He first published it in his book. The heliocentric theory says the sun is the center of the universe and all other planets revolve around it.
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Bacon was an English Renaissance statesman and philosopher. He was best known for his promotion of the scientific theory. Bacon also wrote speeches, letters and books throughout his life time.
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Galileo was an Italian astronomer, mathematician, physicist, philosopher and professor. Most people mistaken him for inventing the telescope when really he only enhanced the idea. He was accused twice of heresy and wrote many books on his ideas.
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William was an English playwright, actor and poet. He wrote plays to capture the complete range of human emotion and conflict. Today, William's plays are still being read and produced all around the world.
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The scientific method is a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested. Francis Bacon was the first to formalize the scientific method but he didn't do it by himself. He was influenced by the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo.
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Isaac had influential theories on light, calculus and celestial mechanics. He established the universal laws of motion and gravity. He also determined the properties of light.
