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Developed first written language. Had written law emphasizing the patriarchal family. Goddesses were replaced with male deities. Also, depending on rivers for resources (rivers were often unpredictable and highly destructive).
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Most of these civilizations were in agricultural villages. They first appeared in Nile River Valley in the northeast of Africa and in the south (these were small Nubian civilizations). Civilization was dependent on the resources from the Nile river which was predictable and less destructive in flooding. Women had many human rights/opportunities in Egyptian civilizations.
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Developed in central coastal Peru. Established 25 urban centers. They used Quipu but did not develop a written language. The Norte Chico civilization was one of the first civilizations in the Americas.
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China started as a centralized state. The Xia (2070 BCE - 1600 BCE), Shang (1600 BCE - 1046 BCE), and Zhou (1046 BCE - 771 BCE) dynasties help to expand this state. China Had early written language with oracle bones. The ruler was the "Son of Heaven" who acted as an intermediary between heaven and earth. Had many dynasties.
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Located in modern-day northern Afghanistan. Had fortified centers, irrigation agriculture, and an aristocratic hierarchy. Built flourishing cities like Mohenjo Dara (established in 2000 BCE) and Harappa (established in 1700 BCE). Much of this influence is still seen today in areas near/in the Oxus and Indus Valleys.
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The establishment of the Persian empire
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The establishment of the Egyptian empire
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Established on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, near Veracruz. Developed cities from chiefdoms competing with one another. Had ceremonial centers and developed the first writing in the Americas in 900 BCE.
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