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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
First legalization that allowed Catholics and Lutheranists to live peacefully together in Germany. It allowed choice of religion and tolerance of the other. Peace of Augsburg -
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Christian IV of Denmark
He was one of Denmark's most famous and admired kings as he lead the country through a period of political and cultural ascendancy, yet the country suffered great losses under his rule in a war with the Swedes and in the Thirty Years War.
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
Maximilian I of Bavaria was the leader of the Catholic League, which was a force of untied Roman Catholic German States. During his rule he supported Emperor Ferdinand II to regain control over the Bohemian throne and the German states. His forces under the command of Wallenstein fought battles against the French and Swedish Protestants. At the end of his rule he made a peace treaty with the French and the Swedish.
Maximilian I -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
King Adolphus of Sweden was the leader of the Protestants during the 30 Years War. He entered the war because of the increasing power of Emperor Ferdinand and his Catholic followers. Adolphus lead his army to a victory against the count of Tilly. He defeated the German Catholics, and then went to defeat the Bohemian general Wallenstein. In the battle of Lutzen his forces dominated the imperials, but he lost his life.
Swedish period -
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Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
Ferdinand of Styria was king of Bohemia and a Holy Roman Emperor. During his rule the Protestants started a revolt and removed him from the throne for 2 years. He joined forces with Maximilian of Bavaria against the Protestants. At the Battle of the White Mountain his forces defeated the Protestants and he reclaimed the Bohemian throne. His rule as a king of Bohemia resulted with a victory for the Catholics and the Hapsburgs.
Ferdinand of Styria -
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The Bohemian Period
Ferdinand of Styria, who was a member of the Hapsburg family and king of Bohemia, became Emperor Ferdinand II in 1618. His election alarmed the Calvinists in Bohemia, and they started a revolt with the Defenestration of Prague. Ferdinand II with the help of Maximilian I sent Baron Tilly to reclaim the Bohemian throne from the rebels. At the Battle of the White Mountain Baron Tilly wins and the Protestants fled.
The Bohemian Period -
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Battle of White Mountain
The battle was fought in Bohemia, near Prague, and marked the first major victory of the Catholic Habsburgs over the military allience of the Protestants in Germany. The battle ended protestant rule in the area. Battle of White Mountain -
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Philip IV of Spain
During his reign, Spain continued to decline politically and economically. Spanish involvement in the Thirty Years War began with the fighting with the French. The Franco-Spanish conflict continued even after the Peace of Westphalia, until Catalonia was conquered by the French. With the Peace of the Pyrenees the conflict ended and the Spanish princess was married to the French King. Philip IV of Spain -
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Cardinal Richelieu
He was Louis XIII of France's chief minister and one of Frances greatest politicians. Important for the non-military level in the Thirty Years War. He attacked the Huguenots, reformed french navi and army, crushed rebels and supported royal absolutism, raised money for foreign policy, designed to make France the greatest European power.
Cardinal Richelieu -
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Danish Period
The Danish period started when the Danish king Christian IV supported the protestants against Ferdinand II's forces in Saxony. His forces were defeated many times by Ferdinand and Albrecht von Wallenstein and the Danish territory of Holstein was taken from Danish rule. It was returned with the Treaty of Lubeck in which Christian IV pledged to stop danish interference in the war, thus setting end to the Danish period.
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Treaty of Lubeck
The Treaty of Lubeck restored Holstein to the Danes and ended their involvement in the 30 Years war, marking the end of the Danish period. -
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The Swedish period
The victories of Emperor Ferdinand of Bohemia threatened the Protestants everywhere in Europe. Under the rule of the new Protestant leader king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden the Protestants reduce the growth of the Hapsburg family, which endangers the rule of the Protestants over Germany. An alliance with France is formed and to weaken the control of the Holy Roman Emperor.
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Battle of Lutzen
The battle between the Swedish army and the Imperial Catholic forces. It resulted with the defeat of the Imperial Albert von Wallenstein. The Swedish were victorious, but king Gustavus Adolphus died.
The battle of Lutzen -
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The French Period
War becoming more political. French armies enter Germany and unite with the Swedes to return the control of the protestants in Germany. They fight against Spain and the Hapsburg family. French Period -
The Treaty of Prague
The deaths of both Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, together with the exhaustion of both the Holy Roman emperor and the German Protestant princes, brought an end to the Swedish period of the war. The Treaty of Prague strengthened the Hapsburgs and weakened the power of the German princes. The Treaty of Prague -
The Peace of Westphalia
Two treaties were signed in 1648, which ended the war between the Spanish, the Danes and Germany.
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Peace of the Pyrenees
The peace of the Pyrenees ended the warfare between Spain an France. That conflict was born during the time of the 30 years war and it continued 10 years after its end. The french conquests in Catalonia were restored to Spain, and it resulted with the marriage between Louis XIV and the Spanish princess Maria Teresa de Austria.
Peace of the Pyrenees
