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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
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According to the Peace of Augsburg the existence of Lutheranism was officially recognized by the Roman Catholic Church. -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
Source:He is one of the most ambitious and popular Danish kings, because he made many reforms and projects in order to make Denmark a regional power. He engaged Denmark in lots of wars, as most notable of them is the Thirty Years' War, which destroyed parts of Germany and made worse Danish economy. -
Period: to
King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
Source:He made lots of reforms which made Sweden the most dominant power in the region. He poised to be a major leader in Europe, but he was killed in the most important Swedish battle against the Holy Roman Empire - the Battle of Lutzen. -
Period: to
King Ferdinand of Styria
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During some time of his life he was also Holy Roman Emperor and king of Hungary as well. He is an influencial leader of the Counter-Reformation in Germany. He went to Jesuit unversity. He managed to partially restore Catholicism in Bohemia. He also elected Maximilian I of Bavaria. -
Defenestration of Prague
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The defenestration of Prague occurred because of differences in religious interest. It happened due to the feuds between the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant religions. In general, the Catholics interfered with protestant chapels which led to opposition from the Protestants who claimed the chapels were theirs to use. This event was a part of the Bohemian Period. -
Period: to
The Bohemian Period
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There was a civil war in Bohemia between the Catholics and the Lutherans. During this period there was a Bohemian Revolt (1618-1621) which began in Prague. The Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years' War ended with catholic victory and the Catholicism was imposed as an official religion in Bohemia. -
Battle of White Mountain
The Battle of White Mountain was between Bohemian Estates and the Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Catholic League. It happened near Prague in Bohemia and marked a major victory for the Roman Catholic Hasburgs over the Protestant Union. The Bohemian army of 30000 people were easily defeated by 27000 men from the Ferdinand II's army. -
Period: to
Philip IV of Spain
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He is considered to be responsible for the fall of Spain. He was also a famous patron of the arts. It is believed that he did not devote his time to work which led to Spain being the most unorganized monarchy in Europe. -
Period: to
Cardinal Richelieu
Source:He was French noble and clergyman. He rose in the French Government and the Catholic Church, becoming a cardinal. He was King Louis XIII's first minister. He worked to make stronger the royal power. He kept under control the power of nobility, which transformed France into a strong, centralized state.He made alliances with Protestants during the Thirty Years' War in order to achieve his goals. He was patron of arts. -
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The Danish Period
Source:This period began with King Christian 4th of Denmark, who was a Lutheran lead an army into North Germany, because he feared the rise of Hapsburg power in North Germany. He supported the Protestants against Ferdinand II. King Christian was also a duke of Holstein, but in 1626, Ferdinand, secured by the assistance of Albrecht von Wallenstein, defeated Christian and occupied Holstein. The Treaty of Lubeck in 1629 restored Holstein to Christian 4th. Period ended with Catholic victory. -
Treaty of Lubeck
Sources:Christian 4th was defeated by the Hapsburgs (1626) and signed the Treaty of Lubeck as surrender. -
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Swedish Period
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden starts a battle for the possession of Magdeburg. He starts the battle driven by Protestant beliefs and fear of what Ferinand could do to Sweden. He koined forces with the king of Saxony and together they took Magdeburg from Tilly at the battle of Breitenfeld in 1631. -
Battle of Lutzen
Source:The Battle of Lutzen was between Wallenstein and the Protestant Swedish Army, led by Gustavus Adolphus. The Protestant army was advancing into southern Germany, and Wallenstein invaded Saxony. Gustavus was forced to respond and attacked first. The Protestant victory came at a terrible price - 15000 dead men and the leader Adolphus was killed as well. -
Treaty of Prague
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The treaty of Prague stated that:
The Edict of Restitution would be reenacted for 40 years.
The Lutherans would get their lost territories in 1627.
Alliances between states of the Holy Roman Empire were forbidden. There would be no amnesty for Bohemian exiles, but those who fought against Ferdinand would not be punished. -
The Peace of Westphalia
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This event is important because it ends the thirty years war. According to this treaty the Swiss gained independancy from Austria; Spanish influence was diminished in the Netherlands; Sweden gained territory. So did Brandenburg and Bavaria. The peace of Westphalia established Protestantism as a constant in Europe, and religious differences between Catholicism and Protestantism were abolished. -
Treaty of the Pyrenees
Source:France and Spain declared war in 1635 and the Treaty of Pyrennees ended 24 years of war between them, It was signed in neutral territory in Island of Pheasants by Philip 4th (king of Spain) and Louis 14th (king of France). -
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The French Period
<a href='http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/history/before_1830/french_period/' >source<a
The beginning of the French period is marked by the French diminishing Austrian influence in the Southern Netherlands. After that, Napoleon Bonaparte came to rule. At the time, Belgium was under the influence of France. Napoleon created something known as the Code Napoleon. This code became the basis of modern civil law in Belgium. -
Period: to
Maximilian I of Bavaria
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He was in good relationship with the previous king of Bavaria because of the two kings' mutual favors. He made the introduction of the Code Napoleon in Bavaria possible. He was a contributor to the weak organization of the German Confederation; established the Vienna Congress in Bavaria.