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Sep 25, 1555
The Peace of Augsburg
The Peace of Augsburg was the acceptance of peaceful coexistence of both Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany. Charles V proclaimed the Diet of Augsburg, although he refused to take part and empowered his brother Ferdinand II to answer all questions. Other Protestant denominations were not addressed. Peace of Augsburg -
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King Christian IV of Denmark
Christian IV was king of Denmark and Norway (1588–1648), who led two unsuccessful wars against Sweden and brought disaster upon his country by leading it into the Thirty Years’ War. He energetically promoted trade and shipping, left a national heritage of fine buildings. King Christian IV of Denmark -
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Maximilian I of Bavaria
He was duke and elector of Bavaria and a champion of the Roman Catholic side. Used the Catholic League that he created to fight in the war and Conquer Bohemia, but in 1630 Bavaria fell to the Swedes. The Battle of Nördlingen (Sept.6.1634) restored Maximilian’s control over Bavaria. He had substantially increased the size of his territories and established himself as undisputed leader of the Catholics. Maximililian I of Bavaria -
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Cardinal Richelieu and King Louis XIII
Louis XIII was king of France from 1610 to 1643, who cooperated closely with his chief minister, the Cardinal de Richelieu, to make France a leading European power. In May 1635 France declared war on Spain because of Richelieu's advice, which turned out to cause invasion of Paris. However, the King managed to drive out the invaders and becoming a hero. (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-XIII) -
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King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
He was Swedish king who laid the foundations of the modern Swedish state and made it a major European power. In 1630 he had defined his aims as indemnity and security, respectively to be a cash payment to cover his war expenses and to be provided by a permanent Swedish alliance with Pomerania. As a commander, he was responsible for innovations that marked an epoch in the history of the art of war. King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden -
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Ferdinand of Styria as king of Bohemia
Ferdinand was one of the boldest and single-minded politicians that the Habsburg dynasty had ever produced. He ruthlessly pursued his policy of catholic reform and Habsburg advancement. Ferdinand II set the course of Austrian Habsburg policy for the next century. By creating an independent Austrian court chancellery and by establishing in his will the principles of Austria’s indivisibility. Ferdinand of Styria -
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The Bohemian Period (1618- 1625)
There was a political revolt that started in Prague in May 1618. It started from the Protestants threw a couple of royal officers from a window. It then spread in other parts of the Roman Empire. The Bohemian king became Frederick V, but he was perished in a war in 1620. The war did not stop in the Palatinate, however, there a severe repression started in Bohemia. Thirty Years War -
Defenestration of Prague
There was a Bohemian resistance incident that started the Thirty Years' War. Catholic officials in Bohemia constructed Protestant chapels, but they closed them because of that. This violated the guarantees of religious liberty, written on the Letter of Majesty. Then the Protestants started a Bohemian revolt against Ferdinand II, and this marked the opening of the war. Defenestration of Prague -
Battle of White Mountain
This was a battle near Prague in Bohemia. It marked the first major victory of the Hapsburg Catholics over the Protestants. Thus, a new constitutional rule in Bohemia was accepted to establish an authoritarian government that lasted for three centuries. -
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Philip IV of Spain
Philip IV was king of Spain and of Portugal, during the decline of Spain as a great world power. He took the spread of the Thirty Years’ War as an opportunity not only for resuming hostilities against the Dutch at the end of the Twelve Years’ Truce of 1609 but also for an ambitious attempt to restore Spanish hegemony in Europe.Philip IV of Spain -
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The Danish Period (1625- 1629)
The German war became a conflict between the nations. The ruler of Denmark was on the Protestants's side against Ferdinand II in the beginning of the war. Wallenstein and Tilly armies dethroned Christian, they elected a new king, and helped some Bohemian Rebels. The Treaty of Lubeck gave the power of Holstein back to Christian. The Thirty Years' Wars -
Treaty of Lubeck
The Treaty of Lubeck combined with the Christian's defeat finished Denmark. With the end of the European power, Gustav II Adolf from Sweden invaded Germany and won many prices for his cause. The treaty was signed by Albrecht von Wallenstein and Christian IV of Denmark. Thirty Years’ War -
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The Swedish Period (1630- 1635)
The protestants found out about the victories of the Catholics. The German princes were endangered by the victories, and the French were worried about the power of Hapsburg. The Protestant king Gustavus Adolphus led the Swedes into Germany, France and the Swedes signed alliance, and the French went to a war with the Hapsburgs. In 1632 the Swedes killed Wallenstein and Gustav dies in the fight. The Thirty Years' Wars -
Battle of Lützen
Sweden allied with North Germany against Ferdinand II. Gustav II of Adolphus of Spain died. Bernard of Saxe-Weimar retrieved the situation by getting the commanding of his army and captured the entire artillery. -
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The French Period (1635- 1648)
The final stage of the war, when France joined it. The war was held in most places in Europe. Austria attacked France with some success. The negotiations for peace begun in 1640, but they were too slow. The French empire was reduced by the Swedish empire. Condé and Turenne won a battle over Nördlingen. Austria left the war, and the French peace was obtained. Thirty Years War -
The Treaty of Prague
This peace treaty was signed on 30.05.1635 by the Hapsburg emperor Ferdinand II. The deaths of both Gustavus Adolphus and Wallenstein, together with the exhaustion of both the Holy Roman emperor and the German Protestant princes, brought an end to the Swedish period of the war. It strengthened the Hapsburgs and weakened the power of the German princes. The Treaty of Prague -
The Peace of Westphalia
The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War. The Peace of Westphalia ended the Holy Roman emperor's hope of restoring both his own power and the Catholic faith throughout the empire. The end of the Thirty Years' War left Hapsburg Spain isolated. The Peace of Westphalia -
Treaty Of The Pyrenees
The French war against Spain continued until 1659, when the Treaty of the Pyrenees awarded France part of the Spanish Netherlands and some territory in northern Spain.The Treaty Of The Pyrenees, Nov. 7. 1659, was a peace treaty between Louis XIV of France and Philip IV of Spain that ended the Franco-Spanish War of 1648–59. It is often taken to mark the beginning of French hegemony in Europe. Treaty Of The Pyrenees
