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Francesco Petrarch develops the ideal of Humanism. This ideals would propel the the new time period.
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The Black Death starts.
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The Black death has taken one third of Europe population.
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Cosimo de'Medici (d.1464) becomes ruler of Florence. This begun the Medici dynsty of power. Very well know patrons of the arts
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The cathedral was begun at the end of the 13th century by Arnolfo di Cambio, and the dome, which dominates the exterior, was added in the 15th century on a design of Filippo Brunelleschi. A statue to each of these important architects can be found outside to the right of the cathedral, both admiring their work for the rest of eternity.
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Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press in the 1450's, and the first book to ever be printed was a Latin language Bible, printed in Mainz, Germany. Gutenberg’s Bibles were surprisingly beautiful, as each leaf Gutenberg printed was later colorfully hand-illuminated
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The city was protected by 14 miles of walls that had withstood 22 sieges in over 1,000 years. What is known as the great siege of Constantinople began on April 6, 1453. The Byzantine defenders’ desperate courage was successful in helping them to push back all attempts to break through either the land walls or the chain boom that protected the city’s harbor. However, a small gate that had been left accidentally unlocked sealed the fate of the city. The Ottomans were finally able to break through.
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This marked the end of the series of wars between england and France which allowed for new trade and growth in Western Europe.
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Beginning of the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York for the throne of England.
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"David" was a statue created by Donatello. He revived a classical form in his statue of David. David was a boy who became a great king, according to the bible.
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Sir Thomas Malory completes his Morte d'Arthur. Le Morte d'Arthur tells the story of King Arthur and his Knights at the Round Table. Arthur, who is son of King Uther Pendragon but was raised by another family, takes his rightful place as king when, as a boy, he is able to pull the sword called Excalibur from the stone. Although he rules wisely and is counseled by Merlin the magician, Arthur makes enemies of other kings and is often at war.
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Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile become the 'Catholic Monarchs of Spain'
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Conquest of Granada by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile. This brought a unifed Roman Cathloitc Governmenrt control over the lands.
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"The Prince" was a book that examines how a ruler can gain power and keep the power in spite of his enemies. This book was written by Niccolo Machiavelli.
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Martin Luther (1483-1546) posts his 95 Theses on the door of Wittenburg Cathedral, in protest at the Catholic doctrine of indulgences and formally begins the Protestant Reformation.
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Luther appears at the Diet before Charles V, emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, to to answer charges of heresy. On refusing to recant, he is declared a heretic and formally excommunicated from the Catholic Church by Pope Leo X. Frederick III, Elector of Saxony ensures that Luther is taken to the Wartburg Castle for his own safety.
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After writing Assertio Septem Sacramentorum (Defence of the Seven Sacraments) in opposition to Luther, Henry VIII of England is rewarded with the title Fidei Defensor (Defender of the Faith) by Pope Leo X.
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German Peasants talked of Christian Freedom and demanded an end to serfdom.
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The marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon is declared null and void by Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury in defiance of the Catholic church. Henry later marries Anne Boleyn.
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Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) founds the Society of Jesus (Jesuit) order as part of the Catholic counter-reformation. Parts of Poland, Hungry and Germany are reconverted from Protestantism to Catholicism.
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Henry VIII becomes supreme head of the Church in England, which separates from the Roman Catholic Church.
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Thomas More (1478-1535) is executed on the orders of Henry VIII for refusing to support the English Reformation.
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Paracelsus writed the Great Book of Surgery. This book combine knowedlge from the past to aid the medical profession.
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The 19th Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church is held to reform and clarify doctrine. It repudiated Protestantism and led to the issuing of a Catechism in 1566.
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Elizabeth becomes Queen of England. She help bring peace relgious problems in her country till her death.
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The 19th Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church is held to reform and clarify doctrine. It repudiated Protestantism and led to the issuing of a Catechism in 1566.
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The Renaissance moves north as trade shirks in Southern Europe which propeled the early days.
