-
Period: 300 to 1099
the Early Middle Ages
4th - 11th centuries -
313
The Edict of Milan
the persecution of Christians ended
Constantine the Great (306-337) -
391
Christianity became a state religion
Christianity became a state religion in the Roman Empire
(Theodosius) -
Period: 476 to 1492
The Middle Ages
-
756
the Papal State
-
Period: 800 to 1400
The Age of Chivalry
-
962
the Holy Roman Empire was established
Otto I (936-973) -
Period: 1000 to 1200
the Romaneque style
11-13th -
Period: 1000 to 1100
the formation of craft guilds
craftsmen of the same profession organized craft guilds in Western Europe -
Period: 1000 to 1099
the population increased in Europe
more lands were required
New techniques and better tools were needed to cultivate the lands -
Period: 1000 to 1399
the High Middle Ages
11th - 14th centuries -
Period: 1000 to 1299
Investiture struggles
the struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman emperors over the right to appoint and install the Roman Catholic prelates in their position and for overall power in western Christian world -
Period: 1000 to 1099
Reforms of Cluny
A reform movement for the revival of the Church in the 11th century. -
Period: 1000 to 1200
Investiture
the appointment of bishops and abbots in Roman Catholic Church,
the ceremony by which they were installed in their clerical offices and properties. During this ceremony they were given the symbols of their authority – the ring and the staff -
Period: 1000 to 1200
simony
the buying and selling of clerical offices -
Period: 1000 to 1200
the appearnace of a legally unified peasant class
11th-13th century
in Western Europe – they had the same rights and obligation (right to move freely, inherit their lands, duties in kind and cash) -
Period: 1000 to 1099
The Levant trade
Started by Venice, Genoa in the 11th century
controlled the Mediterranean region, the trade with the Near and Far East -
1054
the Great Schism
the split of the Christian church into two -
1059
the Church Council of Lateran
deprived the emperors of the right to appoint the pope and gave this right to an independent college of churchmen -
1071
the Battle of Manzikert
the Byzantines were defeated by the Seljuq Turks and captured Jerusalem -
1075
the Dictatus Papae by Gregory VII
He declared that:
Only the Pope has universal rights
Prelates can be appointed and replaced only by the Pope
The Pope has the right to remove the Emperor
The Pope’s judgements cannot be questioned and changed
No-one can judge over the Pope
The Roman Catholic Church is infallible -
Period: 1075 to 1122
The first phase of investiture struggles
Between Gregory VII (1073-85) and Henry IV (1056-1105)
Also between Pope Callistus II (1119-1124) and Henry V (1106-1125) -
1076
The synod of Worms
At the synod of Worms: Henry IV rejected the decree of the Pope, refused to accept the Pope’s rule. German bishops voted that Pope Gregory VII should be deposed -
1076
excommunication
the act of punishing somebody by officially stating that they can no longer be a member of a Christian Church, especially the Roman Catholic Church
Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV from the Church -
1077
Seeking forgivness at Canossa
Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV from the Church ==>> Henry sought forgiveness from the Pope at Canossa,waiting outside for three days as a barefoot penitent in the snow. Gregory forgave Henry. -
1095
the Council of Clermont
Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont. -
Period: 1096 to 1099
The First Crusade
Pope Urban II proclaimed the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont (1095). He encouraged military support for Byzantine emperor against the Seljuk Turks and called for an armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem -
Period: 1096 to 1291
the Crusades
holy wars for the recapture of the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks -
1099
Recapuring Jerusalem
Crusaders recaptured Jerusalem. -
Period: 1100 to 1300
the Gothic style
-
1122
Concordat of Worms
An agreement between the Church and a secular government:
The right of the investiture was shared between the Pope and the Emperor:
Pope: would appoint the prelates + install them into their offices by the ring and staff
Emperor: would install them into their church estates by the sceptre -
Period: 1146 to 1148
The Second Crusade
-
1161
the German Hanse
merchants of Hamburg + Lübeck formed an alliance -
1176
The battle of Legnano
Frederich I's (1155-1190) chavaliers were defeted by the ary of the League of Lombard created by Pope Alexander III (1159-1181) -
1187
the Battle of Hattin
Turks reconquered Jerusalem and most of the Holy Land -
Period: 1202 to 1204
The Fourth Crusade
The expedition wasn’t taken to the Holy Land but to Constatinople
The city was sacked and the Latin Empire was established (1204 - 1261) -
Period: 1204 to 1261
the Latin Empire
-
1212
the Children's Crusade
30 000 children set off from France andGermany to Jerusalem==>> they died, were captured, sold into slavery -
1215
the Inquisition
The establishment of the Inquisition = the court of the Church to find and punish heretics.
It found the heretics and launched legal proceedings against them -
1241
German Hanseatic League
to control the northern and Baltic trade from Novgorod to London, and to the Flemish harbours
to secure trade (protection against pirates, providing storage for the goods, establishing trading stations) -
Period: 1250 to 1273
the Great Interregnum
The power of the emperor declined in the Holy Roman Empire,no legal emperor ==>> feudal anarchy, provinces became independent -
1291
the Fall of Acre (Akkon)
Acre fell into the hands of the Turks and it meant the end of the holy wars -
Period: 1300 to 1500
the Renaissance
14th-16th century -
Period: 1300 to 1499
the Late Middle Ages
14th - 15th centuries -
Period: 1309 to 1377
Avignon papacy
the popes took up residence at Avignon, France, instead of at Rome, because of the current political conditions -
1356
Golden Bull
it granted the right of the election of the emperor + complete political independence to the 7 prince-electors ==>> confirmed the fragmentation of the HRE