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The period of time before written records. Prehistory refers to the period of time before civilization and writing. We don't know a lot about prehistory. It refers to the time before human civilization figured how to write things down.
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Ancient history is the history of ancient civilizations, especially Greece and Rome (the history of the ancient civilizations)
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The period of European history from the fall of the Roman Empire in the West (5th century) to the fall of Constantinople (1453)
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The modern era is the period of human history that succeeds the Middle Ages (which ended around 1500 AD) up to the present.
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Contemporary history refers to the period following the end of World War II in 1945 and continuing to the present. It includes the currently 21st century.
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The French revolution was a revolutionary period in which people were annoyed with monarchy, which led in a republic.This period affected to other countries too.