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6500 BCE
Trephining
Also known as burr holing
Oldest surgical procedure
Was widespread around the world -
3000 BCE
Medical Symbol
Asclepius- Greek God of Healing
Symbol is a snake on a rod
Wings are from Hermes -
460 BCE
Hippocrates
Greek Physician
Founder of Medicine
Creator of Hippocratic Oath -
300 BCE
Amputations
Originated from the ancient ruins in Egypt
They were preformed to remove tissue that was already dead -
130 BCE
Galen
Chief physician to the Gladiators
Came up with the 4 bodily humors( Blood, phlegm, yellow & black bile)
Performed tracheotomy to cure breathing difficulties -
1140
Regulations
Physicians were licensed after training
Women were not allowed to practice
Midwives assisted women giving birth -
1536
Religion
Local healers( many women)
Treatment was mostly rest and prayers
Both Christian and Muslim teachings encourage the care of those in need -
1540
Barber Surgeons
They cut more than hair
They practiced bloodletting, cupping, pulling teeth, enemas, etc.
Also served with the military
They also did amputations -
1543
De humani corporis fabrica
New ideas about the anatomy visually in a book
Written by Andreas Vesalius
1st accurate work on anatomy -
1550
Cupping
Set directly on the skin
Practiced by Barber Surgeons
Used to reduce blood and stress -
1550
Bloodletting
Christian didn't allow bloodletting
Most common form of medical treatment
Traditionally performed at the knees or elbows -
Human Anatomy
Forbidden by the church
Andreas Vesalius was fascinated by the works of it
He wrote a book about the human anatomy -
Bacteria
People were unaware that bacteria existed
No instruments to observe bacteria
Bacteria lead to the Black Death -
Scientific Method
Made a major change in medicine and research
No more guessing or supernatural causes
Actually looked for actual causes of illnesses -
Smallpox
Smallpox had spread to Africa and India
A man named Giacomo Pylarini gave the first smallpox inoculation -
Capillaries
smallest blood vessels in the heart
Their role is the exchange of materials between the blood and the interstitial fluid -
Edward Jenner
Edward Jenner began vaccinations by using fluid from cowpox to prevent small pox
People who milked cows already had cowpox and were already safe from smallpox because of the dairy -
Stethoscopes
These are used to hear heart beats, breathing sounds, and etc.
René Laennec was the one who invented the stethoscope -
Joseph Lister
Joseph Lister insisted on clean instruments and hands between patients
After every surgery, he would use carbolic acid
He started using this technique after seeing each surgery and the deaths after because of not being sanitary -
Robert Koch
He discovered that microorganisms(pathogens) are the source of some disease and this disease was Tuberculosis -
Insulin
A hormone made by the pancreas that allows your body to use sugar for energy
Founded by Frederick Banting and Charles H. Best -
Antibiotics
The antibiotics include penicillin, Neomycin, Probiotic, Antiseptic, etc.
Sir Alexander Fleming was the founder of Antibiotics -
HeLa Cells
A cell type in an immortal cell line used in scientific research
The scientific name for HeLa cells is Helacyton gartleri -
Organ Transplants
The first successful organ transplant was a kidney transplant led by Dr. Joseph Murray and Dr. David Hume -
Ultrasound
An ultrasound scan is a medical test that uses high-frequency sound waves to capture live images from the inside of your body
The inventor was Ian Donald and engineer Tom Brown -
CT
Uses X-rays to make detailed pictures of parts of your body and the structures inside your body
The inventor was named Godfrey Hounsfield -
MRI Scan
MRI can look at the brain for tumors, an aneurysm, bleeding in the brain, nerve injury, and other problems, such as damage caused by a stroke
The original name is Magnetic resonance imaging
Inventor was Raymond Vahan Damadian -
Stem Cells
Stem cells can easily replace neurons damaged by spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease or other neurological problems; produce insulin that could treat people with diabetes and heart muscle cells that could repair damage after a heart attack -
Robotic Assisted Surgeries
These robots can allow surgeons to do complicated surgeries
They also help them with flexible, precision, and controlling techniques -
Human Genome Project
This project helps us be more familiar with our DNA and genes
We take them to see if any illnesses has been inherited from family
EX: Alzheimer, Heart Disease, Cancer, Diabetes, ETC.
