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Nation State: political unit that has to have territory, boundary, political organization that controls its own internal and foreign affairs it also has to have a population and it must be recognized by other countries
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The Christian warriors captured the city of Toledo. Christians kingdom of Portugal has been established. The marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile created the unified state called Spain.
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Philip II became King of France, he paid middle class officials who would owe their loyalty to him. He granted charters to many new towns and introduced a new national tax.
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The powerful Pope Innocent III took office. He clased with all the powerful rulers of his day. He launched a brutal Crusade. He extended the Papal States, reformed the Church courts and changed the way that Chruch officals were chosen.
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The Magna Carta shaped English government for many years to come. It contained 2 important ideas 1) nobels had rights, which would later be extended to all citizens and 2) The document forced monarchs to obey the same laws as others.
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Parliament developed into a two house body: The House of Lords with nobles and high clergy and the House of Commons with knights and middle class citizens. This helped to unify England.
