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In 711, the Muslims crossed over the Iberian Peninsula. This made a possible civil war between rival groups of the Visigoth nobility, and one faction requested help from Musa, a Muslim ruler from the North Africa. Muslims defeated Roderic, the Visigoth king, in the Battle of Guadalete. But Musa and his leading general Tariq, did not hand power against Visigoth allies and a few years later, they occupied nearly all the Iberian Peninsula.
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The Umayyad family in Damascus were killed when a new Abbasid dynasty took power. But a prince called Abd-Rahman escaped to the Iberian Peninsula, he founded the independent Emirate of Córdoba in 756. the Emir of Córdoba was independent, but he accepted the religious supremacy of the caliph. The Emirs of Córdoba established a state on the Iberian Peninsula, but local leaders still held considerable power.
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The Caliphate of Córdoba was created by Abd-Rahman III who became caliph, he ruled through a chief habij, viziers and walis. Abd-Rahman III strengthened his authority repressing internal revolts and the Christian kingdoms of North of Iberian Peninsula. Hisham II was only eleven years old when he started becoming a caliph in 976 and a general called Al-Mansur became the real ruler of Al-Andalus. He conducted razzias on Christian territories in the North such as Barcelona & Santiago de Compostela
