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- anti-semitism ~ pogrom
- promoted interests of nobility over working class
- one man rule, one religion, one race
- set the ground for the public not trusting or liking their leadership/government
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- autocracy Rule (absolute power)
- publicly opposed public participation in government ~ ignored and angered his people
- failed to industrialize and blamed for military failures *more and more people doubted and were angered by his rule, public opinion of government worsened
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- Japan and Russia fought over colonial claims in Korea and Manchuria - Japan won a convincing victory
- Russia was humiliated and started a revolt in the midst of the war, blaming Czar Nicholas II
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- to ease the wave of violence and unrest after Bloody Sunday Nicholas approved of the Duma, Russia's first parliament
- Dissolved within 10 weeks, Nicholas was hesitant to share power
- Further dug Czar Nicholas into a bad light and more continued to grow angry at their government under the autocracy
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- 200,000 workers and their families marched towards the czar's winter palace demanding for more rights and better working conditions
- Soldiers ordered to open fire, over 1,000 killed
- Enraged Russians and provoked a wave of strikes and violence
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- Because Russia was not as industrialized compared to other European countries, Russia suffered major losses
- Millions of soldiers and civilians died either from the war, famine,
or outbreak of disease that followed, Russia's economy was a
disaster, loss of territory
- Russia's involvement in war despite the public opinion and worsening condition of country paved way for the revolution to instigate
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- Rasputin was a friend of Czarina Alexandra and influenced government affairs
- Self-proclaimed holy man
- A group of nobles assassinated him in fear of his increasing involvement in the government *Rumors spread he was the reason for Russia's downfall and influenced government choices
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- March Revolution forced Czar Nicholas to abdicate his throne
- Duma established a Provisional Government and decided to continue fighting in WW1
- Soviets were formed; local councils consisting of peasants, soldiers, and workers
- Lost support of civilians and soldiers after the decision to continue in the war
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- Lenin returned from exile and with his Bolshevik Party overthrew the government with promises of a communist country
- Communism appealed to many particularly the soviets who supported the revolution and now the Bolsheviks were in power. However, not everyone was in favor of their rule.
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- the White Army and Red Army wage a bloody civil war through Russia fighting for control over the government
- Red Army won
- millions of Russian lives were lost, war left Russia in a state of disaster but nonetheless Lenin regained control
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- Stalin assumed leadership in 1924 following Lenin's death after campaigning for himself against Trotsky
- was described as a cold, heartless, impersonal man
- Ruled over Soviet Union as a Dictator
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- Lenin organized Russia into several self-governing republics under one central government otherwise known as the Soviet Union or USSR _ kept nationalism in check
- Dictatorship of Communist Party
- Supposedly constitution was created on socialist and democratic ideals but Lenin and the Communist party held all the real power
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- Lenin died of stroke in 1924
- Competition grew to replace him; the two major competitors being Leon Trotsky and Jospeh Stalin
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- Trotsky gradually lost his government positions after Stalin was placed in power
- was eventually exiled in 1917 and spent the rest of his life in exile
- Showed Stalin's obsessive control and paranoia into keeping his firm grip on power, censored any writings related to Trotsky