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Period: to
Russia
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March 1917 Revolution
It was the second revolution in Russia in 1917 which led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas 2. The peasants were fed up with their government and it needed to change. This revolution was caused by cruel treatment of peasants by patricians, poor working conditions experienced by city workers in the industrial economy and a growing sense of political and social awareness of the lower orders. it was also provoked by Russias failure in the first world war. In the end it was very successful. -
Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government was a temperary government of the Russian Republic immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas 2. The government consisted of two composition at first as the Cadet coalition led by Prince Georgy L'vov and later as the Socialist coalition led by Alexander Kerensky. This government was not liked by the peasants. The biggest mistake that the provisional government made was continueing to fight in the was. This government was dissolved in July of 1917. -
April Thesis
The April Theses were a series of directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his return to Petrograd, Russia from his exile in Switzerland. He wanted the Soviets to take power, denounced liberals and social democrats in the Provisional Government, and to make new communist policies. The April Theses influenced the July Days and October Revolution. Lenin succeeded in persuading the Bolsheviks of his arguments as laid out in the April Theses. -
Kornilov Affair
It was an attempted by the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, General Lavr Kornilov, against the Russian Provisional Government leader, Alexander Kerensky.On Aug 24 Vladimir Lvov arrived at Kornilov claiming that he had been sent by Kerensky to see Kornilov's response to Kerensky's three proposed strategies to strengthen the government. Kerensky and Kornilov had a converstaion to confirm the Lvov was telling the truth and Kerensky misunderstood Kornilov and thought that he being overthrown. -
Bolshevik Revolution
The Bolshevik Revolution was a political revolution that took place with an armed rebellion in Petrograd. The revolution was led by the Bolsheviks, who used their influence in the Petrograd Soviet to organize the armed forces. Bolshevik Red Guards began the takeover of government buildings on 24 October 1917. The next day they captured the Winter Palace. This revolution was caused by a nationwide crisis in Russia had developed in Russia affecting social, economic, and political relations. -
New Government
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union ruled Russia after they overthrew the Provisional Government. It was created from the Bolshevik faction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin. The party led the 1917 October Revolution that overthrew the Russian Provisional Government. This government was much more well received by the peasants than the Provisional Government. -
Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war between the Reds and Whites that occured after the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government and took control of Russia. The Red army consisted of the Bolsheviks and the White army consisted of anti-communist forces in many countries including Russia. The Red army was led by Leon Trotsky who used tactics that were very hard on his soldiers. These tactics might have been harsh but they won the civil war. The war ended in 17 June 1923. -
Rapprochement
Rapprochement is the rejoining of country relations in order to maintain peace and avoid conflicts. Germany and Russia made rapprochement during the interwar period because they were both weak and isolated from the other countries. This helped both countries grow into strong nations. In 1933 Hitler started to betray the Russians which led to the end of their peaceful relations. -
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed at Brest-Litovsk between Russia and the Central Powers which took Russia out of the war. It was very useful to the Bolsheviks because they were fighting in the civil war at the time. It created the independence of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania. Russia lost a great deal od land but it was well worth it because it saved the lives of many Russian soldiers who would have surely died in the war. -
War Communism
War Communism was the economic and political system that existed in Soviet Russia during the Russian Civil War, from 1918 to 1921. This system was createdd by the Bolsheviks in order to keep towns and the Red Army supplied with weapons and food. The government took food from hard working farmers and gave it to people in the military. Many farmers stopped growing excess crops in order to rebel against the government. At this time private enterprise became illegal. It was a disaster. -
League of Nations
The League of Nations is an organization founded at the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It had leaders from many countries around the world. The purpose of it was preventing war through collective security and disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. It was not very successful and had very little influence on international affairs. Russian joined the league in 1934 and they wanted total disarmament for all countries. -
New Economic Policy
The New Economic Policy was an economic policy proposed by Vladimir Lenin and it was considered state capitalism. This policy allowed some businesses to return to making private profit while the state continued to control banks, foreign trade, and large industries. The NEP replaced the policies of War Communism and was considered quite successful. Agricultural production increased greatly and peasants began to make money again. It was abandoned in 1928 after Joseph Stalin took control. -
Treaty of Rapallo
The Treaty of Rapallo was an agreement signed in Rappollo between Germany and Soviet Russia. The Treaty was signed during the Genoa Conference which was the first conference that Russia had attended. Russia and Germany were both very weak at this time so they created this treaty in order to help rebuild into powerful nations. The two countries agreed to help each other by trading goods and helping the economy of both countries grow. This treaty helped Russia industrialize quickly. -
Five Year Plans
The Five year plans were a series of nation-wide economic plans in Russia by the Communist Party. Some five year plans were successful while some failed and were abandoned. Stalin created these plans to industrialize Russia. He believed that Russia was 50-100 years behind the technology of other large countries so his goal was to catch up in just ten years. The first five year plan involved collectivization which took farm land from farmers in order to industrialize. Many peasants died. -
Kellogg-Briand Pact
The Kellogg–Briand Pact was an agreement signed by the United States, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. This pact made parties resolve all conflict between each other that may lead to war. Sixty two nations eventually signed the pact but it was not very successful. One issue that the Kellogg-Briand pact did solve was the Sino–Soviet conflict when Russia and China were fighting over the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway. -
The Purges
The Purges were a series of campaigns created by Joseph Stalin that killed many army officials and political officials. Stalin started the purges because he was very paranoid and wanted to eliminate all of the competition. He created the NKVD which was a group of secret police that arrested anyone that didn't like communism or Stalin. People who disobeyed Stalin during this time were either killed or sent to work camps called gulags. Many of the people sent to these camps died there. -
Nazi-Soviet Pact
The Nazi-Soviet Pact was an agreement between Russia and Germany to remain neutral in the event that either nation were attacked by a third party. It was in effect until 22 June 1941, when Germany invaded the Soviet Union. On september 1 and 17 Germany and Russia attacked seperate sides of Poland and shared the country. There was a secret part of the pact that put Romania, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Finland into German and Soviet influence. This pact helped both countries grow.
