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After the Death of his Grandfather, Louis XVI became king. He was only 20 years old, and said to be lacking maturity and self confidence. He faced enormous debt and a rising population of resentment to the absolute monarchy.
https://www.biography.com/royalty/louis-xvi#:~:text=On%20May%2010%2C%201774%2C%20Louis,resentment%20towards%20a%20despotic%20monarchy. -
The Estates General was split into three groups. The 1st represented religious leaders, the 2nd represented nobility and the 3rd estate represented everyone else. The third group made up 98 percent of the population. After the King decided to start taxing nobility, they were enraged. They forced the King to call a meeting oif the Estates-General. Each state got one vote; the first and second estates usually siding together to outvote the third. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Estates-General
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King Louis, the first estate, and the second estate locked the third estate out of the meeting hall. Members of the third estate had a problem with this and broke into an abandon tennis court. As a group, they pledged not to leave until they had developed a new constitution for France. This pledge was called the Tennis Court Oath. https://www.historycrunch.com/tennis-court-oath.html#/
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After the event of the Tennis Court Oath, King Louis was concerned for his safety. He hired a group of soldiers called the Swiss Guard. Citizens of Paris thought that the soldiers were there to kill them. On July 14th, 1789, they stormed and old prison to collect gun powder and supplies to protect themselves. The whole summer peasants in Frances killed members of the Second Estate. This event was called the Great Fear. https://www.historywiz.com/greatfear.htm
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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was modeled after the Declaration of Independence. The growing middle class of the third Estate was also more educated, and read ideas from the Enlightenment thinkers. Some ideas from them were also put into the new Declaration. The idea that the government protected citizen's rights was an important belief. It ended with a very important slogan that translates into: Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood. https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b52410.html
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Over 700,000 slaves were brought to the island of St. Domingue. They were constantly dying of disease and mistreatment. In 1791, 500,000 slaves, runaways and free blacks inhabited St. Domingue when the Declaration of Rights of Man was published. The African people did not know how to take advantage to this. A rebellion was led by Dutty Boukman. The whites killed hundreds of slaves to stop it from continuing. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Revolution
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Mary Wollstonecraft wrote the Vindication of the Rights of Woman. She agreed with the subject of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, but in her opinion woman should have the same rights as men. Wollstonecraft believed that woman were conditioned by men to be their companions, and to benefit them. https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/mary-wollstonecraft-a-vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman
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England and Spain both wanted to take over the wealth of St. Domingue. Toussaint L'Ouverture was a rebel leader who sided with Spain. He was hoping to win the freedom of the slaves on the island.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spain-declares-war-against-great-britain -
The first French Republic was founded in 1792. It lasted until 1804, when the Decleration of the first empire came out under Napoleon. The form of government did change multiple times.
https://artsandculture.google.com/entity/french-first-republic/m0gtzp?hl=en -
King Louis XVI was halting a lot of the progress of the French revolution. He was not interested in the Declaration of Rights of man and citizen, and kept vetoing laws. Robespierre and the Jacobin's thought that a king was not necessary. King Louis and his wife Mary Antoinette heard about this and disguised themselves to escape. They were recognized and captured; once they were deemed "traitors to the revolution", the king and his wife were put into prison. He was executed by guillotine.
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Toussaint L'Ouverture makes a speech in 1793. He makes his goals clear about the revolution, and says that it still needs to go on. He attempts to get others to join with his as well.
https://www.oxfordfirstsource.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199399680.013.0183/acref-9780199399680-e-183 -
Once King Louis XVI was executed, chaos ensued. Not only were there problems in France, but there were threats from other European countries as well. The Reign of Terror began in September. Robespierre sent thousands of French citizens to their death, claiming that they were enemies of the revolution. There very little evidence or reasoning.
https://www.historycrunch.com/reign-of-terror-in-the-french-revolution.html#/ -
The Reign of Terror was ultimately unnecessary for achieving Robespierre goals. People were growing tired about all of the bloodshed and decided to do something about it. Citizens arrested Robespierre and executed him.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/robespierre_maximilien.shtml -
After Robespierre's execution, a new constitution was drafted. It was created by a 5 man group called the directory. They overcame challenges to restore order to France. They also set up elite schools to improve education. The Directory helped France's economy recover from financial problems. They also made peace with Spain and Prussia, and continues wars with Australia and England
https://www.ducksters.com/history/french_revolution/directory.phd -
In 1799, L'Ouverture and Rigaud were fighting over the island. Toussaint had an army of poor former slaves, and Rigaud and wealthy, educated free and former slaves. The two sides fought. This was called the War of Knives. It lasted for over a year. L'Ouverture defeated Rigaud with the help of the English. Rigaud fled to exile.
https://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=War_of_Knives -
In 1799, France's frustration with their leadership continued to grow. Bonaparte abolished the Directory and appointed himself France’s “first consul.” The event led to the end of the French Revolution and the beginning of a new era where France would come to dominate most of Europe.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-worldhistory/chapter/constitutional-monarchy/ -
After the War of Knives, L’Ouverture was put into power. He creates a new constitution and outlaws slavery, giving all citizens on the island equal rights. Outlawing voodoo-the religion that most people on the island followed- was also another decision he made. L’Ouverture was made leader of the island for life.
https://www.marxists.org/history/haiti/1801/constitution.htm -
The people of St. Domingue rebelled against L’Ouverture as a leader. Napoleon sent troops to Domingue to win it back. Half of L’Ouverture's army decided to join Napoleon, without realizing that he wanted slavery back. Jean-Jacques Dessaline- one of L’Ouverture's generals- made a plan to capture him. It was successful and L’Ouverture was put into prison.
http://exhibits.usu.edu/exhibits/show/haitianrevolution/leaders -
The Hatian flag was created from a ripped of French flag that was stitched back together. The three colors represented the three races on the island, whites, blacks and, mulattoes.
https://haitiantimes.com/2012/05/05/the-meaning-of-the-haitian-flag/ -
In 1804, Dessalines proclaimed St.Domingue to be the first independent nation of former slaves. The Island abolished slavery and gave natural rights to all citizens. They original Taino name for the Island was also returned, Haiti. No European nation would trade with Haiti. France demanded debts paid from them from the war, and it took until 1947 for the money to be payed back.
https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/11.html -
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In Mexico in 1810, Father Miguel Hidaigo pushed for Independence.
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2018/09/mexico-independence-day-confusion-cinco-de-mayo/ -
South American Independence Leader Simon Bolivar went into the city Merida. This lead to the invasion of Venesuala.
https://allthatsinteresting.com/simon-bolivar -
The battle of Chacabuco was fought during the Chilean war of Independence. The Army of the Andes of the United Provinces led by General Captain Jose de San Martin defeated the Spanish force led by Rafael Maroto.
https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco -
The viceroy of Peru started a military campaign against Chili to fight for independence. This was unsuccessful. It wasn't until 1821, after the victory at the Battle of Ayacucho, under the leadership of Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin, that independence was achieved.
https://www.officeholidays.com/holidays/peru/peru-independence-day -
The Gran Columbia formed in 1821. It fought to unite regions. It included regions of northern South America and parts of southern Central America.
https://www.pbs.org/wnet/civilization-west-and-rest/killer-apps/property/map-american-expansion-u-s-a-and-gran-colombia/
