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During the age of Enlightenment thinkers, the Social Contract was drafted then published. The point of the Social Contract was to enforce the impact of law and how it impacts society. This document was written by Jean-Jauques Rousseau, who believed society had too many limitations on behaviour and controls should be minimum. He also believed that the government for these controls should be in the power of the people. https://iep.utm.edu/soc-cont/
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At the beginning of the French Revolution, three estates were in place. Each held different levels of importance based on their class. The first and second estates were the wealthier of the three where the third estate was made up of peasants. The third estate was taxed heavily, this unfair due to their little wealth. The members of this group became infuriated, causing them to draft a new constitution.http://en.chateauversailles.fr/discover/history/key-dates/summoning-estates-general-1789
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The tennis court oath was an oath taken amongst the members of the third estate, vowing to stay at the tennis court until the new constitution was drafted. When the members of the third estate became angry with the constitution in place, they drafted a new one on a tennis court. The oath created ensured that all the members would work together in order to create a new and improved constitution in a short time period. https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item105163.html
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On July 14 of 1789, Paris soldiers stormed the Bastille because they believed King Louis wanted to kill them. The Bastille represented royalty and the power of royal figures in France, making it a good target for the angry citizens. Going in heavily armed the group attacked to rebel due to the Estates-General. The peasants, or third estate, killed off many members of the second estate, this also is known as the Great Fear. https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/july-2014-storming-bastille
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The fear is when the peasants rebelled and killed many in the second estate. This was driven by their anger by being taxed heavily, despite being in the lowest class. In fear, the peasants attacked while being heavily armed, burning land and properties. Although these matters are extreme, these members of the third estate were infuriated and had little voice. Because of this, it is only expected they rebel in such a way. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/245308?journalCode=jmh
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The Declaration to Rights of Man and Citizen was influenced by the U.S Declaration of Independence. This document included the thoughts of Enlightenment thinkers, and reassured the government was in place to protect the natural rights of citizens. The common slogan of this time being “Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite”, meaning freedom, equality, and brotherhood. The Declaration to Rights of Man and Citizen promoted equality during the revolution.https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp
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St. Domingue, the wealthiest French colony, received its riches due to the labor of slaves. In 1719 Dittu Boukman organized a slave rebellion, that many slaves took part in. To revolt, the slaves set fire to the plantations, in a way to have their voices heard. The whites became worried of the power of the slaves rebelling, leading them to kill hundreds of slaves in order to stop the spread. This event held an immense impact on the revolution. https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/5.html
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On January 1 of 1792, Mary Wollestonecraft published the Vindication of the Rights of Women. This document outlined the importance of equality amongst genders, and clarified that men and women should have equal rights. Within this document, Wollstonecraft also shared her opinions on the importance of an egalitarian marriage, and how each partner should have an equal contribution to their marriage. https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/mary-wollstonecraft-a-vindication-of-the-rights-of-woman
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On the first of May of 1792, Spain declared war against England and, in the future, France for the control of the newly wealthy property of St. Domingue. The wealth of the property due to the workforce and labor produced by slaves. Because of this popularity of St. Domingue Spain started war between both England and France in hopes of gaining power of St. Domingue.
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As the National Assembly pushed for a new constitution, talk of putting a constitutional monarchy in place became common. King Louis was not happy with this and attempted to escape with his wife. He however was recognized and then classified as untrustworthy in carrying out the constitutional monarchy and a traitor to the revolution. This infuriated the people, leading to his execution. https://origins.osu.edu/milestones/january-2018-execution-louis-xvi
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September 5 of 1793 was just the beginning of the Reign of Terror. The Reign of Terror was the execution of over a thousands of citizens, which Robesspiere found was necessary in order to achieve goal. This tragic plan of Robesquire was unsuccessful because the people eventually got tired of the bloodshed, resulting in the arrest of Robesquire.
https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255/kat_anna/terror.html -
On February 4th of 1794, slavery was officially outlawed in French countries, including St. Domingue. This event is important because slaves were so important to the production of sugar at the time, and supplied the work in the plantations. Because of this labor, St. Domingue was very wealthy and continued to be throughout the Haitian Revolution. Because slavery was abolished, this prohibited the work from getting done as quickly. https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zpsc9j6/revision/2
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On July 28 of 1794 the leader, Robespierre was executed due to his failure and the conflicts he created while leading. During the French Revolution, Robespierre took advantage of the chaos occurring and led the revolution down a worse path. He did this by eliminating the National Assembly and tearing the constitution. He also was the reasoning for the Reign of Terror and found it was necessary for the revolution to achieve its goals. https://ehistory.osu.edu/biographies/maximilien-robespierre
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The directory consisted of a five man group, hoping to draft a new constitution that would properly cater to the people's wants and needs. This consisted of restoring order, improving schools and education, recovering the economy, and regaining peace with Spain and Prussia. To achieve goals the directory turned to Napoleon Bonaparte, this being a big mistake on their behalf.
https://www.port.ac.uk/collaborate/schools-and-colleges/resources-for-the-classroom/subject-specific-resources/history -
The war of Knives was the fight between L’Ouverture and Rigaud for control of the island. L’Ouverture joined with the poorer slaves fighting against Rigaud with the wealthier and well educated former slaves. This war lasted over a year, finally Rigaud lost to L’Ouverture with the help of the English. https://schoolhistory.co.uk/industrial/black-history/haitian-revolution/
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Napoleon became jealous of the power that L'Ouverture held. Napoleon then came and tried to take control of the land. However, he was unprepared and lacked soldiers. Later the Constitution of the Year VIII was made, stating the revolution is finally over. https://www.sas.upenn.edu/~mercerb/chfrev.html
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After the War of Knives occurred, L'Ouverture pushed for a new constitution, that outlawed slavery giving each citizen equal rights. This also outlawed voodoo, a religion that frequently met on the island. He became well respected for abolishing slaverly and promoting equality. He was then proclaimed the leader for life, this angering Napoleon. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/currentstudents/undergraduate/modules/fulllist/second/en213/syllabus2017-18/haitian_constitution_1801.pdf
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After the War of Knives occurred, L’Ouveture pushed for a new constituion, that outlawed slavery giving each citizen equal rights. This also outlawed voodoo, a religion that frequently met on the island. He became well respected for abolishing slaverly and promoting equality. He was then proclaimed the leader for life, this angering Napoleon. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/arts/english/currentstudents/undergraduate/modules/fulllist/second/en213/syllabus2017-18/haitian_constitution_1801.pdf
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On May 18 of 1803, Dessaline created a new flag for Haiti. When Haiti was under French rule, the flag had a white stripe in the center. Dessalines was unsatisfied with this and did not want the flag to resemble France anymore, he then rejoined the red and blue parts of the flag, leading to only a small white portion. He found that this new flag would be important in symbolizing the bond between blacks and mulattos. https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/10.html
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Dessalines used scorched earth policy to take value. He then took over St. Domingue, the first individual nation of former slaves. To continue he abolished slavery and announced the importance of natural rights. With this, he also renamed the island to Taino and made it so whites could not rule the land and no European countries or America had the ability to trade with Haiti. https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/9.html
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On September 16, of 1810 Mexico finally declared independence from Spain. Recognition can be given to Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, for his hard work in separating the countries. The Mexican War of Independence was the event that allowed for independence of Mexico from Spain. This continues to be an important event acknowledged in the history of Mexico.
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Simon Bolivar, also referred to as the liberated, allowed for independence in South America. In May of 1813 Bolivar arrived in Merida Venezuela led his troops to liberate the territories of Venezuela in order to break it from the Spanish rule. Because of this work he took part in, he was then given the name “The Liberator”and also has the country Bolivia named after him.
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With the work of Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Paula Santander, and José Antonio Anzóategui’s along with their troops; they were able to defeat the Spanish, this is known as the battle of Boyaca. The battle took place at the Boyaca bridge, this being how it received its title. This event is important due to its influence on the Carabobo Venezuela, Pichincha in Ecuador, and more.
https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-country/history/the-battle-of-boyaca-the-decisive-feat-for-colombian-independence/ -
On July 28, of 1821 Peru declared independence. Jose de San Marth is responsible for the independence of both Peru and Chile. He released his home country of Peru from the control of the Spanish. Once the independence within the country was ensured, it was a more peaceful time due to the less strict manner of life. https://research.kent.ac.uk/warandnation/1820-san-martin-invades-peru-by-the-sea/
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With Boliviar as president, the freedom and independence wanted was finally gained throughout varying countries of South America. The Gran Colombia was a series of land including; Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, and Ecuador. The republic of the Gran Columbia was formed and organized by the Congress of Cúcuta and is still important to the history of South America today. https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/s/Sim%25C3%25B3n_Bol%25C3%25ADvar.htm
