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Francesco Petrarca published his work in Florence, at the time around 1347, based on life in 14th Century Europe. But as a commentary/critique of how society was to be organized and the people changed. -
From much of 1347-48, Europe was rocked by the Bubonic Plague that had come from Eastern Europe and Asia. It killed 20 million and put a halt again to expansions, but did start raising ideas amongst people, with scholars writing more literature for change. -
In June of 1378 to 1382, the Ciompi or groups of artisans, laborers, craftsmen, would revolt against and Protest poor living conditions and abilities. It was a start of one of many people's plight for equality in Europe. -
Dom Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu, better known as Prince Henry the Navigator, would lead a Portuguese assault of the Navy to a port in Morocco in 1415. He would conquer the port, and with it, started funding Europeans to begin exploring Africa, mostly Portuguese. -
From 1434 to 1737, while not the only important Florencia Family, they made humongous sums of Banking, creating a profitable and efficient banking system, and was a spearhead to patronage. It was said to be a oddly golden age of Florence in wealth and power. -
From 1440 to 1450, Living in Strasbourg, France as a exile and later return to Mainz, Germany, Guttenberg invented a moveable printing press to print papers and written work for mass production. By 1450, he had fully invested the Press and soon the idea of Exporting it came up. -
In the year 1453, France pushed the British out of France, mainly to Calais, and Charles the VII reorganized the government, with new taxation and trade. The Army was also reorganized to be a permanent standing Army. -
In 1455, believing he was the true king of England, Richard of York would go to battle against King Henry the VI of Lancaster, and becoming Lord Protector by Parliament. The fighting would begin again later with Henry and more Monarchial crisis. -
The Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella creates dynatic union but not a state. Securing borders, a ventured army, and a Christianized Spain.
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In 1471, Edward the IV defeated the Lancasters at the battle of Barnet, crushing them severely, and would begin talking back England. He would begin the restoration of domesticity in England, and his own rule.
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With the death of Charles the Bold, the Dynasty of the Burgundians was dying. Along with the fall of the House of Anjou, Louis the XI conquered Burgundy, and had direct control of Anjou, Bar, Maine and Provence.
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During the years of 1485-1504, artists such as Michaelangelo and Sandro Botticelli worked on arts emphasizing the Humanity of people, and also the nature in which people live in. Michaelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci also emphasized the idea of Studying Humans, including the human body and maybe even the mind.
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Henry the VII on August 22, 1485, would defeat Richard the III at Bosworth Field. Attempting to put an end to the war. -
Henry the VII would be coordinated, and he married Elizabeth of York. He would establish the House of Tudor, combining the Yorks and Lancasters, ending the War of the Roses, and starting establishing normality in England. -
Portuguese Prince, Henry, would send fleets of the growing Portuguese empire's navy to Africa to explore. It opened trade with the Africans and set colonies, the first in Africa, along with sending one of the first famous adventurers Via De Je Bartolorneu Dias, sailing around the Southern tip of Africa.
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In 1488, Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Dias would sail around the Southern tip of Africa, and Arrive to India. Being the first European to do so, and to expand Portuguese trade to a global level. -
In 1492, Spanish Explorer Christopher Columbus, exploring for a trade route that was faster to India, Accidently went West and discovered the New World. He would take much resources, and despite the atrocities, he would go on open the flood gates to European exploration in Northern America, after the Spanish and Portuguese were in South America. -
In 1494-1495, The French would invade south into the Italian city-states, kicking off the start of invasions there once more since Rome. and starting the end of the Renaissance, making conditions in Italy worse. -
From 1513-1532, to his dying breath, Machiavelli would work on his writing, "The Prince", which to him was an analysis or instruction of how to obtain and maintain political power, and protection of one's state. He discussed the role the people and the rightful ruler have, and how a state was to build itself up and keep itself powerful, something many would take note from.
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As a commentary on life of the time, and as a call for action to improve society, Thomas More wrote a novel on a world that is a Utopia, a world with no problems. He wrote it on the attitudes of the time, and to commentate on a world people want.
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Martin Luther in Wittenberg, Germany, would plant a Document on the Power of Indulgences on the door of the Castle Church. Lighting flame of reformation demand of Protestantism, Religion, and causing various schisms, which further rocked Europe for centuries.
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The Explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1519, a Portuguese explorer, would venture with his fleet from Spain in September for the new continent. He would sail around South America and discover the Pacific ocean. -
From 1524-25, A wide spread peasant revolt would erupt across Central Europe. The revolt was based on religious and economic goals, with the Swabian League being formed by Princes, nobles, imperial cities and crushed the revolt. -
On the 6th of May, 1527, The Holy Roman Emporer invaded south like the French, and made it to Rome, sacking the city with his Habsburg army. Worsening more conditions in Italy and causing more division. -
in 1534, initially supporting the Pope against Luther, King Henry the VIII of England would want to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon, to marry Anne Boleyn. He would hold the Act of Supremacy, declaring himself head of the English Church, but did not make many changes, but did make the church Protestant.
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From 1534-1624, the Dutch and French would sail to the new continent in North America, and would settle colonies. By 1534, the French had already been to middle America, and the Spanish in the South. Plus the French were in Canada by then.
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Riding the trend of counter-revolution,the Council was under the Pope's leader ship, from 1545-1563. Trying to re instate the Church's place but also do reforms on corruption and education. -
With Elizabeth the I becoming Queen, she enacted much religious reform for the state having more control. But worked on Uniting England via religious unification.
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From 1559, men such as Pieter Brueghel worked on art styles based on Humanism, having life be presented in the art. This came in the form of drawing art on communities and people's lives, encouraging more a look into the average person's humanity.
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After the 1385 Grand Dutch, The Union of Lublin of 1569 established Poland-Lithuania, creating both nations. Poland Lithuania would be its own entity but would be under much effect by neighboring powers. -
In 1607-1609 and on, the English would hold their first settlements in North America. They would have many failures, but the settlements began sending new items, like the French, Dutch, and Spanish, back to Europe for trade, with the Europeans doing the same. -
From 1618 to 1648, the central European powers, and the Holy Roman Empire would wage war, beginning with the Catholic and Protestant states warring against one another, after 30 years, the war changed to that of political and geographic. The Habsburg Empire of the HRE would fight against the Anti-Habsburg factions of the French, Swedish, English, Dutch, vs Austria, Hungary, Spain, The Empire and the German states waring with each other based on loyalty. -
On January 30th, 1648, The Dutch and Spanish would sign their own treaty, ending Spanish reign of the Netherlands, While the treaty of Westphallia ending the War between the Central European nations. Soon, The peace was created starting from 1644, in the protected and neutral Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück, changing geopolitics of Europe, limiting Habsburg power, and ending what was the essentially the first full European war.
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During the Franco-Dutch Alliance, with the Dutch conquests of Southern Netherlands, Wallon provinces and the French taking Flanders. The Spanish Empire, pushed out of the Netherlands, and fearing French risings, concluded a peace agreement in 1648, granting The Dutch independence.
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In England, during the reign of Dutch King William of Orange in England, Parliament would hold during the coordination of the King for a set of monarchial rules to follow, limiting power. And it was done to start the world of Constitutionalism, giving rules, rights, and ideas for the society to follow, to be fair, but the monarchy and church still competited. -
During the 1700s, the two more powerful German states of Brandenburg and Prussia would begin morphing together, on the 18th of January, 1701, Elector Frederick the III was crowned Frederick the I at Konigsberg, Prussia. A nation of militarism and statehood, it would begin a path of power and a quest for total German Unification. -
Both in the Massive communities of Moscow and St,Petersburg, The Russian Senate would unite the government, and conferred title of Tzar to the first, Peter the I in November of 1721. With the Russians then building there infrastructure, canals, and beginning expansion into the Baltics. -
French Kind Louis the XVI, sighting the ongoing economic and food crisis, called the Estates-General in May 5th of 1789 to handle the crisis. All it did was show how divided the three estates were, and how unfair the voting was.
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On July 3rd, 1789, the 3rd Estate broke off the Assembly, and claimed to represent France. Joined by the "People", some nobles, clergy and military, the revolution to end the Monarchy of France began. -
Fearing the Invasion of the Austro-Prussian coalition, the People of Paris rounded each other up, and stormed various armory's across Paris. On July 14th, 1789, they would storm the Fortress Bastille, gathering ammunition and rifles.
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On the 20th of April, 1792, The French legislative assembly fearing foreign intervention to the revolution declared war on Austria. Austria would follow suit allying with Prussia, and leading to an invasion of France, later beaten back.
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On Sept, 21nd, 1792, The government abolishes any monarchy, and declares France is now a Republic. A new flag of France is Declared and Democracy, mixed with Fear is declared, -
From 1798 to 1802, France, allied with Spain, would fight the gigantic coalition once more, against Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples and various German monarchies. But in the end, the genius of French command, including Napoleon Bonaparte's skill full fight in the South of France and Italy, single handling Austria, won the day. -
In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte, a fast-rising major General of the French military, allied with various politicians, managed a coup against the assembly of France. It resulted in a three-person Consulate, which would be ended by Napoleon, making himself a single consulate. -
This would be declared Napoleon's masterpiece, an Emporer, leading his armies to crush the Austrian/Russian forces. Using decisive modern tactics, and from 1803-1806, he whipped out two of his gigantic adversaries for a time. -
After much time and manipulation, Napoleon Bonaparte managed to Crown himself as Emporer in 1804. He would be a new Emporer, to rival the Habsburgs, and to assert His rising dominance. -
With Prussia joining the Coalition, France pushed east, literally rolling over the Prussian armies, who were out of date by this time. Napoleon would conquer much of the German states, and shrunk down Prussia from 1806-1807. -
In 1809, Britain and Austria would fight the distracted French in a war to try and regain the advantage. The French would be fought in a Gurreila War with the Spanish as they invaded South, with the French eventually winning, but being extremely weakened. -
Known to the Germans as the War of Liberation, from 1813-14 A coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, Spain and a number of German States, would rally, taking advantage of the weakened state of Napoleon's army, and invade France. Despite Napoleon's tactics, his weakened army and people gave in, and the Coalition dethroned Napoleon and exiled him to the Island of Elba in the Meidterranean. -
After Napoleon's escape from the Elba in March of 1815, the Coalition would rally, and come back to kick Napoleon down for good. At the Belgian area of Waterloo, the British and Prussians sent his army, finally crushed, Running, and Exiled Napoleon again.
