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In a valley with thin soil and little rainfall. Agriculture: maize, beans, peppers, tomatoes, chilis, and cotton. Population reached up to 60,000. Had a large and powerful army
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Many kings ruled Ghana. Used trans-Saharan trade, especially gold trade. Between Senegal and Niger rivers.
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Trade on east coast of africa, very wealthy, king supervised trade and organized public life in the area. Main city state: Kilwa. Slaves known as zanjs
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Place of great stone towers, palaces and public buildings including the Great Zimbabwe. Kings in Zimbabwe organized the trading of slaves, gold, ivory and other products to the coast.
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Christian Kingdom, 11 large churches carved out of rock, located in Ethiopia
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Many different religions influenced them. Cities grew wealthy from trade and manufacturing.
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Used trans-Saharan trade.They controlled and taxed almost all trade from 13th to late 15th century. Capital Niani- gold trade.
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Main classes: Rulers, aristocrats, preists and peasants. Very large empire (4,000 km)
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Kin-based societies. Population and military pressures. Most centralized of the Bantu kingdoms.
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Mexica settled on a marshy region. Where chinampa system of agriculture was discovered.
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Ming emperors ruled directly. Trying to centralize their governement and strengthen their economy during this era.
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Otto of Saxony proclaimed emperor. Popes and emperors clashed alot over Italy.