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Constitution Ratified
-New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the document, and it was subsequently agreed that government under the U.S. Constitution would begin on March 4, 1789. In June, Virginia ratified the Constitution, followed by New York in July. -
Washington's Farwell Address
- A document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office devoted to domestic problems. He stressed that we should stay away from permanent alliances with foreign countries; temporary alliances wouldn't be quite as dangerous, but they should be made only in "extraordinary emergencies". He also spoke against partisan bitterness. This document was rejected by the Jeffersonians, who favored the alliance with France.
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Louisiana Purchase
-Brought the United States about 828,000,000 sq. mi. of territory from France, doubling the size of the young republic. What was known at the time as the Louisiana Territory stretched from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west and from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to the Canadian border in the north. Part or all of 15 states were eventually created from the land deal, which is considered one of the most important achievements of Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. -
Madison vs. Marbury
-The U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review—the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional. The unanimous opinion was written by Chief Justice John Marshall. -
Lewis and Clark Expedition
-President Thomas Jefferson tasked Meriwether Lewis with exploring lands west of the Mississippi R. Lewis chose William Clark as his co-leader for the mission. The excursion lasted over two years: Along the way they confronted harsh weather, unforgiving terrain, treacherous waters, injuries, starvation, disease and both friendly and hostile Native Americans.
-The journey was a huge success and provided new geographic, ecological and social information about uncharted areas of North America. -
War of 1812
-An armed conflict between the US and the British Empire. The British restricted the American trade since they feared it was harmful for their war with France. 10,000 Native Americans fought on the side of the British. Canada was a British colony back then and fought with them. The Americans objected to the British Empire restricting their trade and snatching their sailors to serve on British ships. They were also eager to prove their independence from the British Empire once and for all. -
Treaty of Ghent
-The peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. The treaty restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum — that is, it restored the borders of the two countries to the lines before the war started in June 1812. -
Adams-Onis Treaty
-Known as the Transcontinental Treaty, was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries and was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came in the midst of increasing tensions related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America against the United States and Great Britain in the aftermath of the American Revolution -
Monroe Doctrine
-A United States policy of opposing European colonialism in the Americas beginning in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to take control of any independent state in North or South America would be viewed as "the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." -
The Great Depression
- A severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late-1930s. It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how intensely the world's economy can decline.
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Indian Removal Act
-Signed by Andrew Jackson. The law authorized the president to negotiate with southern Native American tribes for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their lands. It was enforced under his administration and that of Martin Van Buren.
-Strong support from the people of the South, but large resistance from the Indian tribes, the Whig Party, and New England. The Cherokee worked together to stop this relocation. They were forcibly removed by the US gov. -
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
-A treaty that resolved several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies. Signed under John Tyler's presidency, it resolved the Aroostook War, a nonviolent dispute over the location of the Maine–New Brunswick border. -
Texas Annexation
- The Republic of Texas declared independence from the Republic of Mexico on March 2, 1836. At the time the vast majority of the Texian population favored the annexation of the Republic by the United States. The leadership of both major U.S. political parties, the Democrats and the Whigs, opposed the introduction of Texas, a vast slave-holding region, into the volatile political climate of the pro- and anti-slavery sectional controversies in Congress. they wished to avoid a war with Mexico.
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Mexican-American War
-Conflict after US annexation of Texas; Mexico still considered Texas its own; Victor: US; granted all land from Texas to California minus the Gadsden Purchase in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo -
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
-Officially entitled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War -
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California Gold Rush
-When gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California. The news brought approximately 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad. The sudden population increase allowed California to go rapidly to statehood, in the Compromise of 1850. Severe effects on Native Californians and resulted in a precipitous population decline from disease, genocide and starvation.
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Gadsden Purchase
-US purchased a region. The first draft was signed in 1853, by James Gadsden, U.S. ambassador to Mexico, and by Antonio López de Santa Anna, president of Mexico. The US Senate voted in favor of ratifying it with amendments in 1854, and then transmitted it to President Franklin Pierce. Mexico's gov and its General Congress took final approval action on June 8, 1854, when the treaty took effect. The purchase was the last substantial territorial acquisition in the contiguous United States. -
Seccesion of South Carolina
-South Carolina officially declared their secession from the United States. It was followed four months later by the states of Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Texas and Louisiana. -
Civil War Begins
-Confederate President Jefferson Davis demanded the immediate surrender of all federal troops stationed in Southern territory. Instead, Union Major Robert Anderson garrisoned himself inside of Ft. Sumter and awaited reinforcements. Meanwhile, the Confederacy decided to act. On April 12, 1861, they attacked the fort, leading to Anderson's surrender -
Trent Affair
Crisis that took place between the US and Great Britain from. It erupted after the captain of the USS San Jacinto ordered the arrest of two Confederate envoys sailing to Europe aboard a British mail ship, the Trent, in order to seek support for the South. The British, who had not taken sides in the war, were mad and claimed the seizure of a neutral ship by the U.S. Navy was a violation of international law. Lincoln’s administration released the envoys and averted an armed conflict with Britain. -
Civil War Ends
- the Union won, the Confederacy was destroyed and slavery was abolished.
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Purchase of Alaska
-The United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire on March 30, 1867, for 7.2 million U.S. dollars at approximately two cents per acre ($4.74/km2). The area went through several administrative changes before becoming organized as a territory on May 11, 1912. It was admitted as the 49th state of the U.S. on January 3, 1959. -
Burlingham-Seward Treaty
-Was a landmark treaty between the United States and Qing China, amending the Treaty of Tientsin, one of the unequal treaties, to establish formal friendly relations between the two nations, with the United States granting China the status of most favored nation in trade. -
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WWI
-War between the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. US fought from 1917-1918. Allied powers won. -
Treaty of Versailles
-Treaty that ended WWI; broke up the large empires, charged Germany with paying reparations for the war, established the League of Nations
-Ensure a lasting peace by punishing Germany and setting up a League of Nations to solve diplomatic problems.
