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Jim Crow Laws
by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning "Negro". When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, these statutes became known as Jim Crow laws. -
13th Amendment
in 1865, congress passed the 13th amendment which abolished slavery and involuntary service. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation proclamation in 1863 which supported the 13th amendment. -
Black Codes
were laws passed by Democrat-controlled Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. -
14th Amendment
The 14th amendment aimed to prevent discrimination against African Americans. The amendment guaranteed equal citizenship and property rights. This law was then vetoed by President Johnson who didn't believe in equal rights for African Americans. -
15th Amendment
This amendment gave African American MEN the right to vote. Any colored women weren't able to vote yet. Voting rights could not be denied based on race. Southerners did not agree with this amendment. Southern states then passed laws against African Americans such as poll tax ( pay to vote ) and a literacy test. These prevented most of African Americans because after slavery, most didn't know how to read. -
Lynching
From 1882-1968, 4,743 lynchings occurred in the United States. Of these people that were lynched 3,446 were black. The blacks lynched accounted for 72.7% of the people lynched. These numbers seem large, but it is known that not all of the lynchings were ever recorded. Out of the 4,743 people lynched only 1,297 white people were lynched. That is only 27.3%. Many of the whites lynched were lynched for helping the black or being anti lynching and even for domestic crimes. -
Plessy v. Ferguson
The U.S Supreme Court had upheld the constitutionality of these state segregation laws. The Court had ruled that the “separate-but-equal” standard was constitutional. States could provide segregated facilities to different races, so long as they were equal in quality. Although schools were supposed to be equal, most schools in the South were greatly inferior to white ones. Starting in the 1930s, NAACP lawyers began challenging this “separate-but-equal” doctrine through the American court system. -
Thurgood Marshall
was a counsel to the NAACP, he utilized the judiciary to champion equality for African Americans. In 1954, he won the Brown v. Board of Education case, in which the Supreme Court ended racial segregation in public schools. Marshall was appointed to the Supreme Court in 1967, and served for 24 years. -
Lester Maddox
as governor ha backed significant prison reform, an issue popular with many of the state’s African Americans. He appointed more a with many of the state's African Americans. He appointed more African Americans to government positions than all previous Georgia governors combined, including the first black officer in the Georgia State Patrol and the first black official to the state Board of Corrections. -
19th Amendments.
the 19th amendment guaranteed women the right to vote. Women started campaign for suffrage. The NWSA was then created to help fight and bring awareness to women's rights. -
Sharecropping/Tenant Framing
After the American Civil War, owners were challenged to find help working the lands that slaves had farmed. Taking advantage of the former slaves' desire to own their own farms, plantation owners used arrangements called sharecropping/tenant farming. Both methods required the planters to divide their plantations into smaller parcels of land,which they continued to own. Using smaller parcels of property, the owners forged mutually beneficial arrangements with independent farmers to work the land. -
20th Amendments
the 20th amendment, also known as the Lame Duck amendment had to do with when a new elected president takes office. A lame duck was a president who stayed in office after his term was done. Before the 20th amendment, newly elected Presidents would have to wait months before getting into office -
Federal Housing Authority
The Federal Housing Administration, generally known as "FHA", provides mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA-approved lenders throughout the United States and its territories. FHA insures mortgages on single family and multifamily homes including manufactured homes and hospitals. It is the largest insurer of mortgages in the world, insuring over 38 million properties since its inception in 1934 -
Hector P. Garcia
In 1948 García organized the American GI Forum in Corpus Christi to lobby for equal access for Mexican American veterans denied benefits from the GI Bill of Rights. What began as a veterans' rights group expanded into a civil rights group. The American GI Forum promoted civic engagement among its constituency by electing officers, drafting a constitution,crafting an emblem, recruiting members,and advancing the credo: "Education is our freedom and freedom should be everybody's business." -
Brown v Ferguson
was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. -
Rosa Parks
an African American seamstress and local NAACP members refused to surrender her bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama. When Parks was arrested for refusing to give her seat, local African American leaders began a boycott of city’s public buses. -
Montgomery Bus Boycott
In which African Americans refused to ride city buses in Montgomery, Alabama, to protest segregated seating, took place from Dec 5,1955, to December 20,1956, and is regarded as the first large-scale demonstration against segregation in the U.S. On Dec 1, 1955, four days before the boycott began, Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to yield her seat to a white man on a Montgomery bus. She was arrested and fined, Montgomery began the court hearing and lasted 381days -
Desegregation
three years after the US Supreme Court declared school segregation laws unconstitutional, the public schools of Nashville, Tennessee, implemented a "stairstep plan" that began with a select group of first-graders and added one grade a year until all twelve grades were desegregated -
Civil Rights Act of 1957
the Eisenhower administration passed the civil rights act to increase African American voting in the South. The act created the Civil Rights Commission and established a Civil Rights Division in the U.S Justice Department. The law gave federal courts the power to register African-Americans voters. Registration procedures were so complex the act proved ineffective, but it helped set the pattern to later civil rights legislation. -
Orville Faubus
In September 1957 Arkansas Democratic Governor Orval E. Faubus became the national symbol of racial segregation when he used Arkansas National Guardsmen to block the enrollment of nine black students who had been ordered by a federal judge to desegregate Little Rock's Central High School. -
Sit-ins
organizers believed that if the violence were only on the part of the white community, the world would see the righteousness of their cause. Before the end of the school year, over 1500 black demonstrators were arrested. But their sacrifice brought results. Slowly, but surely, restaurants throughout the South began to abandon their policies of segregation -
Affirmative Action
he term "affirmative action" was first introduced by President Kennedy in 1961 as a method of redressing discrimination that had persisted in spite of civil rights laws and constitutional guarantees. It was developed and enforced for the first time by President Johnson. "This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights," Johnson asserted. "We seek… not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result." -
Cesar Chaves
As a labor leader, Chavez employed nonviolent means to bring attention to the plight of farm workers. He led marches, called for boycotts and went on several hunger strikes. He also brought the national awareness to the dangers of pesticides to workers' health. His dedication to his work earned him numerous friends and supporters, including Robert Kennedy and Jesse Jackson. -
George Wallace
alabama governor George Wallace received national attention when he stood at the door to the University of Alabama in a symbolic attempt to prevent two-Africans students from enrolling at that school. He cited the constitutional right of states to operate their public schools, but was forced to step down. -
Betty Friedan
In 1963, she wrote the feminine mystique. Her book galvanized middle class woman. It challenges the belief that education suburban housewives were happy doing nothing more than keeping their home clean and preparing dinner for their family. Friedan wrote that women were as capable as men and should be permitted to compete for the same jobs. In 1966, friedan helped form the National Organization Of Women (NOW), which became the chief of the Women’s Movement -
Civil Disobedience
During the 1950's and 1960's, King achieve international fame for carrying out resistance to in justice through Civil Disobedience -
Head Start
has provided comprehensive child development services for 32 million children — services that foster children’s growth in social, emotional, cognitive, and physical development, and monitor their progress in these areas to ensure that they are well prepared for kindergarten. -
24th Amendment
Prohibited states from requiring payment of a poll tax as a condition for voting in federal elections -
Civil Rights Act of 1964
In 1964 Congress passed Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241). The provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing. The word "sex" was added at the last moment. According to the West Encyclopedia of American Law, Representative Howard W. Smith (D-VA) added the word. His critics argued that Smith, a conservative Southern opponent of federal civil rights, did so to kill the entire bill. -
Upward Bound
TRIO is progressive. It began with Upward Bound, which emerged out of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 in response to the administration's War on Poverty. In 1965, Talent Search, the second outreach program, was created as part of the Higher Education Act. -
Veteran Rights Act of 1965
the voting rights of African Americans in the South, these measures were relatively weak and did not prevent states and election officials from practices that effectively continued to deny southern blacks the vote. Moreover, in their attempts to expand black voter registration, civil rights activists met with the fierce opposition and hostility of Southern white segregationists, many of whom were entrenched in positions of authority. -
Nonviolent Protest
is the practice of achieving goals such as social change through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent. This type of action highlights the desires of an individual or group that feels that something needs to change to improve the current condition of the resisting person or group. -
Martin Luther King jr.
was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement. -
26th Amendment
In the 1960s, most states set the age for voting at 21 years old. During the vietnam war, 18-years olds were considered old enough to be drafted into military service to fight and die for their country, but were told they were not old enough to vote. Many Americans believe this was unfair. The twenty-six Amendments was ratified in 1971. It lowered the voting age to 18. -
Title IX (9)
Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits sexual discrimination in federally funded educational programs or activities. Sexual harassment, which includes sexual violence, is a form of sexual discrimination. No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.
