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Important figure of the Portuguese Empire. He started developing the European exploration and maritime trade with other continents.
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Was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator from Genoa (Italy). His voyages caused European awareness of the American continents. Established colony on the island of Hispaniola which the Spanish colonized. Model for future European colonization. Made four trips between Spain and the Americas.
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Between Eastern and Western hemisphere. Exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas. Started by Columbus,
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Colonies created for economic and/or religious reasons.
France and England: First attempted colonies were short-lived. No permanent colonies before 1600. In Canada and the US.
Spain: Created big colonial enterprise. New Spain in Mexico. Carribean islands and Central America. Explored North America for gold and silver. Florida. Eastern South America.
Portuguese: Brazil.
Dutch: Small colonies in northern South America.
Russian: Alaska. -
Portuguese explorer. Commander of the first ship to sail directly from Europe to India. Around tip of Africa.
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Iranian kingdom established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.
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A Spanish conquistador that conquered the Incan Empire. Founded Lima, capital of Peru. Many expeditions to South America.
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Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the Aztec Empire to fall. Took control of most of Mexico. First of Spanish explorers that started the Spanish colonization.
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Portuguese explorer that searched for "Spice Islands" in Indonesia. First to sail from Atlantic to Pacific (named the Pacific). First to circumnavigate the Earth.
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Split from Roman Catholic Church when Martin Luther post 95 Theses.
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Muslim state exercising domination over most of India in the 16th and 17th centuries. Highly centralized administration connected different regions. Expanded Persian culture in India. Muslim minority ruled Hindu majority. Fell to British.
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Military adventurer from Central Asia. Rose to power in Kabul (Afghanistan). Laid basis for Mughal Empire. Responsible for the Persian culture spread into India.
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A period of new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences. Laid foundation for modern science. Started after Renaissance and ended in end of 18th century,
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Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher. Played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Improved telescope and made astronomical observations. "Father of modern science." Heliocentric universe.
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Trade between Americas, New England, Europe, and Africa from late 16th century to early 19th century. Transatlantic slave trade. Rum and goods to Africa, slaves to America, Sugar to New England.
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Italian Jesuit priest. Tried to spread Christianity to China. Accepted Chinese culture and tried to "blend" Christianity and Confucianism.
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Last of the three shogunates of Japan. Feudal regime--strict class hierarchy. Abolished during the Meiji Restoration. Daimyo (lords), samurai (warriors), farmers/artistans/traders.
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Largely a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire. Evolved into a more general war between most European countries.
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Last ruling dynasty established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. Became highly integrated with Chinese culture. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911.
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Ruled Russia and then Russian Empire. Had a policy of modernization and expansion. Made Russia a major European power.
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Reason becomes primary source of legitimacy and authority. Questioned traditional institutions, customs, and morals. Centered upon 18th century.
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War between Great Britain and France in North America. Became Seven Years' War. Outcome: French Louisiana to Spain and Britain gains control of French Canada.
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Empress of Russia. Helped Russian Empire expand, improve administration, and continue to modernize along Western European lines. Her rule revitalized Russia--it was stronger than ever.
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King and Queen of France during the French Revolution. King was executed during revolution. Queen executed afterwards. Both convicted of treason by the National Convention.
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13 colonies joined together to break free from the British Empire to become the United States of America. No taxation without representation. Declaration of Independence in 1776. War ended with Treat of Paris in 1783.
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Parisian militia storms Bastille. Revolt against monarchy. Third event of revolution; first was revolt of the nobility (refusing to pay taxes), second was formation of the National Assembly and the Tenis Court Oath.
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Radical social and political upheaval in France. Third Estate makes Tennis Court Oath, assault of the Bastille, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, march on Versailles that forced royal court back to Paris. King Louis XVI beheaded. Result was the abolition and replacement of the French monarchy with a radical democatic republic--Napoleon.
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Document of the French Revolution. Said that the rights of men are universal. Called for liberty, property, security and resistance to oppression and for the end of aristocratic privileges--equal taxation. Called for popular sovereignty instead of divine right of the kings. Influenced by Enlightenment ideas and the US DOI.
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French colony of Saint-Domingue breaks free. In the end, slavery was stopped and Haiti became an independent republic. Started with a slave revolt.
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Military and political leader in French Revolution. Become Emperor of France. Took over much of Europe and sought to spread revolutionary ideals. His invasion of Russia marked a turning point in his fortunes--he was forced to abdicate and exiled to island of Elba. He escaped and returned to power a year later, but was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo.
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Conference of all European countries to settle and address issues after French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire. Redrew boundries.
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Napoleon was defeated in this battle (in Belgium) after he returned from his exile. Marked the end of Napoleon's reign as Emperor of France.
