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France and Spain fought for control over Italy along with the involvement of England and several popes. The Wars helped expose the rest of Europe to the ideas of the Italian Renaissance. -
Martin Luther wrote a protest against the selling of indulgences. The theses reached the pope and he responded by excommunicating Martin Luther. -
German peasants upset by high taxes and a lack of power, stormed castles and monasteries. -
Provided Henry Vlll the right to be supreme head of the Church of England. -
A book published by John Calvin that expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. -
A religious order for the pope's followers that founded schools throughout Europe, tried to stop the spread of Protestantism, and converted non-Christians to Catholicism. -
A Church court established by the Catholic Church to fight Protestantism and impose religious uniformity. -
A work that projects the heliocentric theory of the Polish Renaissance. It triggered the Copernican Revolution and made a major contribution to the Scientific Revolution. -
Doctrines agreed on by Catholic bishops and cardinals. -
A peace treaty signed between the Roman Empire and the Lutheran German princes that ended religious wars and made Lutheranism legal in the Roman Empire. -
The daughter of Henry VIII, she ruled following her sister's death. She was extremely loyal to her country and established the Church of England. -
Protestant nobles led by John Knox made Calvinism Scotland's official religion. -
The hatred between Catholics and John Calvin's followers led to extreme violence influenced by Catholic mobs to hunt down Protestants. -
Granted freedom to Protestants and ended the French wars of Rebellion. -
His book describes his observations of the heavens such as, the sun having dark spots, the moon having a rough surface, and Jupiter having 4 moons. It supported the theories of Copernicus. -
The book encouraged the experimental method to discover knowledge of the natural world. -
The books formulate modern thinking. His ideas reshaped the thinking of humanity, "what is true?" to "what can I be certain?" -
He published the book Leviathan in which he describes an influential formulation of social contract theory. -
Essay's that display his theories that people could learn from experience and improve themselves. They have the natural ability to govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society. theories -
Included essays of government and societal ideas. -
A study on three types of government, republic, monarchy, and despotism. He proposed that separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the government. -
Lays the foundation for his political thought and expressed his passion for individual freedom. He believed the only good government was freely formed by the people.