Medieval Period (especially Europe)

Hadrians Wall Completed (128)

140

Hadrian built this wall as a precaution; it was a reminder for the Roman Empire to protect what it occupied, rather than being daft and conceited in haughtily expanding to their own detriment. Of course the lack of foresight in the Roman Emperors to follow meant that they were heedless to this ''warning''.

Attila the Hun is born:

406

Attila the Hun is one of the most known leaders in history. Head of the Hunnic Empire, he rivalled and instilled fear in the Roman Empire, conquering the Balkans, and attempting to conquer the gauls and Constantinople before being distabilised at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains.

Rome is Sacked by Visigoths

410

After being betrayed by a former member of their own army, Alaric, Rome was strangled; plagues and illness were beginning to set in as a result of the imports. The Visigoths cut off the supply lines shrewdly, chocking the heart of the Roman Empire, and leading to the beginning of their downfall.

Huns Under Attila face the Romans and the Visigoths are defeated in the Battle of Chalons.

451

The visigoths, who occupied Rome then left due to lack of supplies, were defeated by the Hunnic Empire, while a diminutive Roman army faces the Huns.

Vandals Sack Rome

455

After the Visigoths sacked Rome, this started a surge in confidence, leading to the diminishing of the Western Roman Empire.

Riothamus, King of the Britons, (also said to be King Arthur), Helps the Romans in Brittany against the Visigoths

470

Riothamus, who is said to also be King Arthur, assists the Romans against the Visigoths in Brittany as leader of the Britons.

Deposition of Romulus Augustulus by Odoacer

476

Known as the date for the fall of Western Rome, since after Odoacer deposed of Romulus Augustus, there was no rightful succeeder as emperor, starting anarchy and civil war. This began the Medieval Period; a time known as little development and documentation, even a step backwards from the technological superiority of the Romans. Odoacer becomes the first Barbarian leader of Italy.

Final battle of King Arthur: Battle of Camlann

537

This is the final Battle after a memorable reign by King Arthur.

Eviction of Ostrogoths from Rome

554

The ostrogoths, a competing group of Vikings from Germania, are evicted from Rome.

Smallpox spreads from India to Europe

Jan 1, 600

The medieval Period was a time of little sanitation and hygiene, hence the spread of diseases such as small pox.

Persians are Defeated by Byzantine.

Jan 1, 627

Persia is conquered by Byzantine forces. The relic of "The Jerusalem Cross" is retrieved from persians after its being stolen in 614.

The end of the Roman-Persian wars is signified by Emperor Heraclius defeating the Persians.

Jan 1, 627

The Persian and Roman empires were two major, competing Empires, and this brought much warfare between the two great empires. Therefore the significance of this is quite substantial.

Arab forces conquer most of the Byzantine territories, formerly occupied by the Persians

Jan 1, 650

Benedictine missionaries complete the conversion of England to catholicism after it was begun by St. Gregory the Great.

Jan 1, 700

After trying to conquer Constantinople in 677, the Arabs reattempt this but Byzantine Emperor Leo the Isaurian defeats the Arab forces and reconquers most of Asia Minor.

Jan 1, 717

Charlemagne Invades North-Western Germany.

Period: Jan 1, 772 to Mar 2, 2022

Charlemagne eventually subdues the Saxon rebellion after 30 years of warfare.

First Agricultural Revolution.

Period: Jan 1, 1050 to Jan 1, 1200

A shft to cultivation after a period of milder weather. Efficient farming tools, some discovered by the Romans and Carloginians, are implemented.

The Western and Eastern Orthodox Churches Separate from each other

Jan 1, 1054

This schism lasts 1000 years

Norman Conquest of Scicily in Mediteranean Sea

Period: Jan 1, 1061 to Jan 1, 1091

Battle of Stamford Bridge

Sep 25, 1066

King Harold II of England defeats the Vikings under Harald Hardrada

Duke William of Normandy lands in England at Pevensey

Sep 28, 1066

The Duke establishes himself as William the Conquerer, after the Normans conquer the English on this date.

Battle of Hastings

Oct 14, 1066

Battle of Hastings, fought between King Harold II of England and Duke William of Normandy.

Henry IV Surpresses the Rebellion of Saxony in the first Battle of Langensalza

Jan 1, 1075

compilation of the Domesday Book by order of William I of England

Jan 1, 1086

William creates a census to document all the land holdings in the Kingdom, creating an efficient tax system

Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the First Crusade.

Jan 1, 1095

Geoffrey of Monmouth is born

Jan 1, 1100

In c1100, Geoffrey Marmoth is born. His legacy is the many scripts he wrote about the legendary King Arthur and his expeditions, and many of his pieces have been interpreted by historians to uncover truth and evidence from a little documented time.

Henry I is crowned King of England.

Aug 5, 1100

the Treaty of Alton is signed between Henry I of England and his older brother Robert, Duke of Normandy

Jul 1, 1101

Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions. The agreement temporarily ended a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings

Battle of Hundsfeld

Aug 24, 1109

Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats Emperor Henry V and stops German expansion eastward

Henry V's is crowned Holy Roman Emperor

Apr 14, 1111

Henry V's first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor

William Adelin drowns in the White Ship Disaster,

Nov 25, 1112

William Adelin, the only legitimate son of King Henry I of England, drowns in the White Ship Disaster, leading to a succession crisis which would bring down the Norman monarchy of England.

German princes abolish the hereditary claim to the throne and establish the right to elect new rulers.

Jan 1, 1125

The Medieval Period is praised for its religious and political motions. Actions such as these are the impetus behind modern democracy rather than monarchy.

Anarchy sparks Civil war in England

Period: Jan 1, 1135 to Jan 1, 1154

The Second Crusade is launched

Period: Feb 1, 1145 to Jan 1, 1148

The first European windmill is developed.

Jan 1, 1170

One of the few technological developments in the Medieval Period, along with the teeth implements created by the Chinese.

The Third Crusade is an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin

Period: Jan 1, 1189 to Jan 1, 1192

Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef

Jun 10, 1190

Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of England, which ultimately led to the dissolution of the army.

Saladin is defeated by Richard I of England at the Battle of Arsuf.

Sep 7, 1191

Richard's main aim was to recapture Jerusalem, and had many encounters with Saladin. To attempt Jerusalem, Richard would have to control the port of Jaffa, and after capturing Acre, he fought many battles against the forces of Saladin moving down the coast. This was in the Third Crusade.

In the Battle of Jaffa, King Richard the Lionheart defeats Saladin

Jan 1, 1192

The growth of lay education and the intellectual renaissance begin. Students start entering schools with no intention of becoming priests, and education is offered in European languages other than Latin

Jan 1, 1200

In the Medieval times, the Catholic Church was a major influence on everyday lives. This action is a rebellion against their control, breeding an intellectual society rather than a church brainwashed one, and beginning the Renaissance.

Fourth Crusade

Period: Jan 1, 1202 to Jan 1, 1204

Byzantine Constantinople is sacked, Zara Captured for Venice, creating the Latin Empire

End of Norman domination of France.

Jan 1, 1204

Fall of Normandy from Angevin hands to the French King, Philip Augustus, end of Norman domination of France

The crusaders of the Fourth Crusade capture Constantinople

Jan 1, 1204

This breeds the disgruntle of the Byzantine Empire towards the West and Western society, with the sack of Constantinople.

King John of England loses Normandy and the surrounding area to the French king, Philip Augustus

Jan 1, 1204

This is a big event in the "France Brittany wars", as England was a treasured country for the Normans.

Fifth Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta

Period: Jan 1, 1217 to Jan 1, 1221

Sixth Crusade under Frederick II Hohenstaufen, returns Jerusalem to the Crusader States

Period: Jan 1, 1228 to Jan 1, 1229

The Mongols, under the leadership of Batu, cross the Urals (mountain range) from Asia into Russia.

Jan 1, 1237

Prior to the thirteenth century, Russia is ruled by westerners who found the Kievan state. Over time though, Russia retreats from the West, especially since the distance between Europe and Moscow is vast.

Mongols enter the state of Kiev and create a new state on the Volga River, from where they rule Russia for two centuries

Jan 1, 1240

Eventually, though, The Duchy of Moscow emerges and defeats the Mongols Khan, headed by Genghis Khan.

Jerusalem is lost by the West and is not recaptured again until 1917 CE.

Jan 1, 1244

Major event in religious calender. Especially since Jerusalem is the birthplace of Christianity, and Christianity was prominent in Europe.

Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian Ayyubid port city of Damietta

Period: Jan 1, 1248 to Jan 1, 1254

Crusaders ultimately withdraw. Mamelukes overthrow Ayyubid Dynasty

Bad weather and crop failure result in famine across north.western Europe. Unsanitary conditions and malnutrition increase the death rate

Jan 1, 1315

Even after the revival of agricultural conditions, weather disasters reappear. A mixture of war, famine and plague in the Late Middle Ages reduces the population by one-half.

The Great Famine of 1315-1317 kills millions of people in Europe

Period: Jan 1, 1315 to Jan 1, 1317

In a period of constant war, resources were hard to obtain making famines common occurances

England attempts to claim the French crown.

Jan 1, 1328

The poet Petrarch coins the term Dark Ages

Jan 1, 1330

The term Dark Ages to describe the preceding 900 years in Europe, beginning with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 through to the renewal during the Renaissance.

The French retaliate against England trying to claim their thrwon and initiate the "Hundred Years Battle".

Feb 26, 1337

The three most influential of these are Crecy 1346, Poitiers 1356, and Agincourt 1415. Due to England's superiority in terms of military, they demolish the French in most of the battles.

The Black Death appears during a time of economic depression in Western Europe

Jan 1, 1347

The black death establishes itself as one of the most devastating plagues ever, and reoccurs multiple times throughout the 15th century as well.

Black Death kills around a third of the population of Europe

Period: Jan 1, 1347 to Jan 1, 1351

The Renaissance Period

Period: Jan 1, 1400 to Jan 1, 1600

Battle of Agincourt fought between the Kingdom of England and France

Jan 1, 1415

Battle of Bosworth

Jan 1, 1485

Henry VII defeats Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth and becomes King of England

The 'great plague' of England

Period: Jan 1, 1509 to Jan 1, 1510

Henry VIII defeat the French at the Battle of the Spurs

Jan 1, 1513

The French and Brittany fought many viscious battles. The French are defeated at the Battle of the Spurs.

German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire

Period: Jan 1, 1524 to Jan 1, 1525

End of the Italian Renaissance.

Jan 1, 1527

Brought about by sacking of Rome yet again. A period of culture and religion, and much better sanity in comparison with the Medieval Period.

Outbreak of the Plague

Jan 1, 1563

The outbreak claimed 80,000 people in England. In London alone, over 20,000 people died of the disease

Galileo Galilei born

Feb 15, 1564

was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution; in this period discoveries such as the round world are made.

William Shakespeare baptised

Apr 26, 1564

Reccared, the king of the Visigoths in Spain converts to Catholicism.

Mar 2, 2022

Although the Medieval Period was known as a time of diminutive development, religion was an important aspect of it. Many say Christianity established itself as a leading religion in this period.

Charlemagne is crowned Emperor of Rome

Mar 2, 2022

Charlemagne incorporated art, culture, and religion and his rule was strongly influenced by the Catholic Church, therefore having a large influence on Europe.

Charlemagne Dies

Mar 2, 2022

Chalemagne is declared dead at Aachen.

The West Bank of the Tiber River is annexed/included into Rome.

Period: Mar 2, 2022 to Mar 2, 2022

Rivers were important as a source of water and fish, and in such a time of plight these resources are vital.

Battle between Eastern and Western Chruches

Period: Mar 2, 2022 to Mar 2, 2022

Viking Age

Period: Mar 2, 2022 to Jan 1, 1066

The Vikings were influential in many sackings and helped shape the dark ages