-
Alhazen completes his Book of Optics, which made important advances in ophthalmology and eye surgery, as it correctly explained the process of visual perception
-
Avicenna writes The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine, in which he establishes experimental medicine and evidence-based medicine. The Canon remains a standard textbook in Muslim and European universities until the 18th century. The book's contributions to medicine includes the introduction of clinical trials and many other things.
-
Ibn al-Baitar wrote on botany and pharmacy, studied animal anatomy and medicine, and was a pioneer of veterinary medicine.
-
Roger Bacon writes about convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness.
-
James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy.
-
Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy.
-
Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method.
-
Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide.
-
Made by Behring
-
Used in France, and not used in other countries until after WWII.
-
Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine (available in 1955).
-
-
Galen studies the connection between paralysis and severance of the spinal cord.
-
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, a pioneer in the field of child development, writes the first encyclopedia of medicine in Arabic.
-
Rhazes pioneers pediatrics, and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi.