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Persian physician Rhazes identifies smallpox
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Avicenna writes the Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine
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Roger Bacon invented spectacles
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Lenardo da Vinci dissects corpses
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Vesalius publishes findings on human anatomy in De Fabrica Corporis Humani
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Zacharius Jannssen invents the microscope
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William Harvey publishes an Anatomical Study of the Motion of the Heart and of the Blood in Animals which forms the basis for future research on blood vessels, arteries and the heart
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Sir Christopher Wren experiments with canine blood transfusions
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovers blood cells
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek observes bacteria
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Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox inoculations
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James Lind publishes his Treatise of the Scurvy stating that citrus fruits prevent scurvy
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Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy
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Edward Jenner develops the process of vaccination for smallpox, the first vaccines for any disease
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Rene Laennec invents the stethoscope
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William Morton, a dentist, is the first to publish the process of using anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide
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Joseph Lister develops the use of antiseptic surgical methods and publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery
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First vaccine developed for rabies by Louis Pasteur
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Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and develops tetanus and diphtheria vaccines
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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovers X-rays
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Karl Landsteiner introduces the system to classify blood into A, B, AB, and O groups
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First vaccine developed for tetanus
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First vaccine developed for influenza
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James Watson and Francis Crick work on the structure of the DNA molecule
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First vaccine developed for chicken pox
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First test-tube baby is born
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HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, is identified
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Willem J. Kolff invented the artificial kidney dialysis machine
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First draft of human genome is announced; the finalized version is released three year later
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First vaccine to target a course of cancer
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Scientists discover how to use human skin cells to create embryonic stem cells
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The FDA approves the first human clinical trials in the United States for a wearable artificial kidney designed by Blood Purification Technologies Inc. out of Beverly Hills, California.
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In March, DNA from an extinct woolly mammoth is spliced into that of an elephant. Scientists then successfully use the "revived" DNA to sequence the mammoth's complete genome
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The success of an first-time experimental surgery will determine future availability for U.S. cancer patients and veterans with injuries to the pelvic region. On May 8, 2016, a man named Thomas Manning is the first man to receive a penis transplant at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Manning's recovery from the surgery is going well; John Hopkins University School of Medicine is also hoping to start providing the surgery soon.
