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Hernán Cortés and a small group of Spanish soldiers conquered Mexico in 1521, just two years after they landed near the modern-day city of Veracruz.
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establishment of the first permanent European settlement on the continent of Australia. On January 26, 1788, Arthur Phillip, who had sailed into what is now Sydney Cove with a shipload of convicts, hoisted the British flag at the site. In the early 1800s the date, called Foundation Day, was celebrated
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British in 1824 through the Anglo–Dutch Treaty. British colonization was the longest compared to others.
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Imperialism in China is considered to have occurred primarily in the 19th century, but outside interest in China began centuries earlier. The major European nations of the time (Britain, France, Portugal, and Germany) played a significant role in imperialism in China.
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To fill the place of the lost American colonies, to which convicts had been shipped, New South Wales was settled in 1788. Britain reluctantly annexed New Zealand in 1840.
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On February 5, 1885, Belgian King Leopold II established the Congo Free State by brutally seizing the African landmass as his personal possession. Rather than control the Congo as a colony, as other European powers did throughout Africa, Leopold privately owned the region.
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Britain took control of India after the East India Trading Company when their tactics led to a mutiny by sepoy troops in 1857. Under the British raj, Britain strengthened its foothold by abolishing the East India Trading Company and changing Indian policies.
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While Egypt was technically still part of the Ottoman Empire, Britain now held actual control of the country and Egypt was effectively colonized in 1882. This was called the Veiled Protectorate, since Britain's rule, or protectorate, over Egypt was obfuscated.
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Sudan was primarily under the control of Egypt until 1882 at which time Britain assumed control over Egypt and likewise, assumed governing power over the Sudan.
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In August 1883 the Vietnamese court signed a treaty that turned northern Vietnam (named Tonkin by the French) and central Vietnam (named Annam, based on an early Chinese name for the region) into French protectorates.
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Kenya was colonized by Great Britain between 1901 and 1960. British settlers, who came to Kenya because of its resources and comfortable climate, forced indigenous farmers and herders onto infertile land or made them work on European-owned farms and plantations.
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Spain established its first permanent settlement in the Philippines in 1565. Spanish colonial control of the Philippines continued until 1898, when the United States took possession of the islands as a territory after winning the Spanish-American War.
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As a result of the Spanish-American War, control of Cuba passed from Spain to the United States on January 1, 1899, and it was governed by direct U.S. military administration until May 20, 1902.
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From the 17th century through to the 19th century, the Habsburg monarchy, Austrian Empire, and (from 1867 to 1918) the Austro-Hungarian Empire made a few small short-lived attempts to expand overseas colonial trade through the acquisition of factories.
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The Dutch could only end the war and withdraw from Indonesia. In other words, in 1949, after several years of attempts to restore its power within Indonesia fighting for its independence, the Dutch were forced to retreat in the absence of U.S. support.