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Paper was invented by the Han dysnasty. This made record keeping and literature much easier.
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Han traded with Europe. He started to make cultural diffusion popular in China.
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Civil servents worked for the government. They made paper and this was mass-produced so many people got jobs.
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Scipio routed Hannibal's forces on plan of Zama and took the city. It ended the second Punic War.
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Buddhism started to spread across China. This is the main religion now in China.
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Qin dynasty took control. Shi-Huangdi gained control of states and became the first emperor.
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The Great Wall of China was built because Qin built it. It kept out enemies and isolated China.
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Wars broke out in seperate states. Nobles fought for supremacy. That was a period called the Warring states period.
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The city-state, Polis, was made up of a city and surrounding countryside. That included villages and communties.
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The greeks wrote two kinds of drama which was tragedy and comedy. Tragedy was serious with common themes while comedy cainted scenes with slapstick situations and humor.
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The Punic War between Rome and Carthage started, Romans built a navy of their own and defeated the Carthage.
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10 percent of Roman people were Christain. The others believed in polytheism.
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Consiantine issued the Edict of milan, which made Christainity legal within the Roman empire. Many more people began to practice it.
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A Greek philospher named Zano founded the school of philosphy that caused Stoicism. He said to live in harmony with the will of God.
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Romes first written law code that organized patricians at the insistence of the plebeians and laws that dealed with trials. Patricians were wealthy and plebeians were poor peasants.
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Plebeians forced patricians to write down laws. They made them display it in Roman forum.
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Confucius was a scholar who stressed importantance of honor and duty. He teached the Chinese customs and ethnics.
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Athenian Cleisthenes introduced futher reforms. Only free adult male property owners born in the Athens were considered citizens.
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Bureaucracy trained civil service are those who ran the government by Confucius beliefs. This made the government more religious.
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More men were expected to serve in the army until age 60. Boys usually left their home at the age of 7 to train.
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Rome was ruled by Etruscans of northern Italy, who influenced Greece. In 509 the Romans threw out Atyrant.
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Romulus and Remus were raised by a she-wolf. Romulus killed his brother and he founded Rome.
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People known as Latins built the Indo-European Rome. They brought Rome to life.
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Zhou dynasty made the Mandate of Heaven. That means the ruler had divine approval from the Gods,
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Zhou dynasty coined mone and introduced an easier trade. This made trade more valuable.
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The Mycenaeans fought a 10 year war with Troy because Troy's prince had kiddnapped Helen, the wife of a Greek king.
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Mongols came into power. The merchants became rich because they could trade throughout the empire.
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Queen Hatshert expanded Egyptian trade and influence. This let the Egyptains become connected with everyone else and get better developed.
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Power under Thutmess III reached its height in Egypt. The capitol moved to Thebes. Trade and taxes with people who have been conquered made the country rich.
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Egyptians worshipped the Nile as a god. The Nile gave them life and seldom if turned against them. Greek historian Herodotus said Egypt's was the gift of the Nile.
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Nomadic people came from north of the Hindu Kush moutains into Indus Valley. Indus Valley grew under the influence of the nomads.
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The Mycenaens adapted the Minoan writing system to the Greek lands. They decorated vases with Minoan designs.
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The Mycenaens were amazing in Seaborn trade. That was their main trait.
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A warrior king ruled the surrounding villages and farms. Strong rulers controlled areas like Athens.
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A group formed from Palestine and moved across the Isthmus of Suz called Itylcsos. That means rulers of the foriegn lands.
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Hammurabi's Legacy is the code of law he puts together. It unified the diverse groups in the empire. It is a 282 law on family relations, business conduct and crime. It told us Mesopotamia's beliefs and what they valued.
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Trade was a big part to keep the cities running. Trade on Sarswati River was becoming impossible and cities eventually started to die.
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Buildings started to decline and fall apart. Cities disapeered and the subcontient of India showed evidence of tetonic plate movement. That altered the course of the Indus River and cities were destroyed because there was no farming and it was not sutible for living.
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The writing system emerged in the Shang Dynasty. They use the same system today.
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Horse and Chariot transportation was invented. This made traveling and trade easier.
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Amonte King Hammurabi became kind and improved tax collection system. It increased trade for the empire to grow and become wealthy.
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Queen Cleopatra died. Egpyt became a part of the Roman Empire.
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Octauian took over because he won at the battle of Actium. That brought peace to Rome and allowed trade to grow.
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Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus created the first Inumuriate (rule of three men) over the Roman republic, Crassus was very wealthy while Caesar was a great leader and Pompey was a good soldier,
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Rome carried out Sulla progam of reforms aimed to protect the power of the Senate, They used it make more tax laws.
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Animals played a big part of culture, You could seem it on pottery, small statues, children's toys, and seals to mark trade items.
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The Chinese dynasty Xia emerged. Their leader was named Yu.
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A large wave of Indo-Europeans migrated and some of those who settled on Greek land were known as Mycenaeans.
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Wars became frequent. The men chose a tough fighter to command the citie's soldiers and became kind of like their ruler. Sumerian priests and people gave commanders permanet control of standing armies.
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Rome established a republic. They were the first to use this and use some form of this today.
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Invaders threatened Rome and plebians left Rome and refused to fight until changes were made. They did not come back until things were their way.
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Emperor Theodosius outlawed pubic non-christian sacrifices and religious ceromonies. People were angered by that.
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Pharchs gained control during the Middle Kingdom after power declined. This also marked the end of the Old kingdom and restored law and order to imrpove trade and transportation by digging a canal from the Nile to the Red Sea.
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They invented the wheel, saw, and plow. They developed the number system based on 60 modern unit times. The made arches, columns, remps and pyramid shaped designs of zigguarts. They created a system of writing and the first map made was on a clay tablet.
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Civilization brought social classes like kinds, landholders, priests, wealthy merchants, slaves, etc. Slaves were prisoners of war sold into slavery as a way to pay off debt.
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Women could work as merchans or artisans or farmers, They could have their own property and even own land,
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The Indus people were the first to start plumbing. How intricate their plumbing system is said things about their social classes.
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The strong and smart planning of cities made archeoligists believe that the Indus Valley had a strong central government. They built big walls that served as protection for a temple where the royal family lived.
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Archeologists found few weapons suggested there was limited conflict. That means there was not a lot of wars or troubles.
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They started to believe in more than one god called polytheism. They based their gods on things humans do like falling in love or having children. Gods were immortal and powerful and the humans were their servents.
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Sumerians built cities. They developed their own government with their own rulers. Each city and the surrounding land controlled and formed a city-state.
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New cities were forming along the fertile Cresant and what is now Syria, northern Iraq, and Turkey. They shared ideas and it is called culture diffusion.
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The mummification process was created. It lead to more pyramids being built.
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The largest cities were Kalibangan, Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa. A lot of influence came from these cities.
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In the Indus Valley they layed bricks for cities. They built strong levees or earther walls to keep water out of cities. They constructed human made islands to rise cities above flood waters.
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The Harapan cities started to show remarkable unitformity, culture, and religion. The housing suggested social division was not great. Artifacts like toys suggested that they produced stuff that was nonesential.
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The cities started to plan how to lay out their cities. They used a grid system and kept everything in order.
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Cultural diffusions became more frequent as the terriotory explanded. They traded religious ideas and art.
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The largest pyramid is the Great Pyramid of Giza and it was comleted by peasents because they built pyramids. They worked for the government because the Nile flooded and they couldn't farm.
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In the Great Pyramid, there is mummified bodies of important people so the soul can return later. Archeologists found a solid gold mask of Pharch Tutankhamen that weighs 22.04 pounds. Canopic Jars and clay vessels were found and that is were the brains and organs were stored.
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Indus River became the main source to provide transport for trade. Ships used the Persian Gulf routes to bring copper, lumber, precsious stones, and goods to Sumer.
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Early settlements developed into urban civilizations. The Indus script was being used, and still to this day, no one can uncode their language.
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Started to trade with north Afganistan and got some of their culture. They used ships to cross the natural barriers like the Indus River.
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Reign of Zoser started. The first step pyramids were built and that lead to the creation of the Great Pyramid.
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Sumerian city-states came under rule of dynasties. A series of rulers from a single family became a dynasty.
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Sumerians traded grain, cloth, and tools with people of the mountains and the desert. They recieved materials like stone and wood, stuff that was not a natural resoucre to them.
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They made a plan to provide water and dug irrigation ditches that carried water to their fields. This allowed them to create a surplus of their crops. Leaders supervised their diggings.
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Moutains divided the land in a number of different regions. Instead of a single government they developed small, independent communities with each other.
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The climate was an important influecen on the civilizations. Men spent lots of time outside and 48 degrees was known as the winter average.
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Ancient Greece consisted of mainly moutains. The physical geography shaped Greek traditions and customs.
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The Minoans lived on a large Greek island of Crete. They created an elegant civilization on that great power.
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The sea was a big part of life. Sea made travel and trade easier because it was all natural resoucres,
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King Menes united upper and lower Egypt. They became the first Pharach and the first capitol which was Memphis.
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Disadvantages with the enviorment was sometimes there was unpredictable flooding or no rain at all, Sometimes the land was a desert or a lake. Sumerian villages had no natural barriers so they were defenceless and the natural resoucres were limited.
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Sumer used organization, cooperation, and leadership to construct irrigation systems. Projects created a need for laws to settle disputes and started civilization. Disputes were between land and water and those would eventually be distributed.
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Sails first used on Egyptian ships. This made travel and trade easier.
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People began to settle and farm the swampy lands in Mesopotamia. Good soil was the advantage that attracted many settlers, but there was disadvantages too.
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They started by sea to africa and settled south. Northern imargrants made way though Khyber Pass in Hindu Kush mountians. They domesticated sheep and goats and they farmed in villages along the Indus River.