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In cartesian dualism says that human has dual nature, partly machinery and sometimes controlled by the soul.
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Hermann von Helmholtz,showed that some issues related to mind'' machinary" could be studied scientifically.
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This is the time for psychology growth and victorian Era.
Victorian idea: at that time human did not talk about sexuality
and aggression.
Freud talked about the dark side of the humans. H e identified the issues come from the psyche by identifying the three components. Id, Super-ego and ego -
in post freud they had clinical psychology where they studied mental desorder. by looking at the symptoms to figure out the underlying cause to cure a client.