HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY WITH ITS REPRESENTATIVES:

TALES DE MILETO (620-546 a.C)

620 BCE

-attain the truth through reason.
- "I think, therefore I am".
-Considered the first western philosopher.

PARMENIDES (530-515 a.C)

530 BCE

-Founder of the Random School.
- search for the truth through being.
-Affirmation of being on the illusion of a possible reality.

HERACRLITO (530-515 a.C)

530 BCE

-It focuses on movement as a constant change of all elements and phenomena.
-Duality and confrontation of opposites for Universal balance.
-Fire: Element that gives rise to everything present.

EMPEDOCLES (495-435 a.C)

495 BCE

-Research on the embryo and the ear.
-soul: immortal demons forced to transmigrate.
-heart: seat of sensations + mental life.

HIPOCRATES (SIGLO lV Y V a.C)

494 BCE

-turns medicine into a discipline:
* delimits the mysticism of science.
* rational approach.
-Theory of the hypocrites of humors:
* 4 moods / 4 organs / 4 temperaments.
-corpus linked to the cosmos.

MIDDLE AGES (476 a.C-1453)

476 BCE

-Science paralysis in Europe.
-Important scientific advances developed by the Arabs.
-Predominance of magical thinking.
-Religious dogmatism imposed in every aspect of human life.

SOCRATES (470-399 a.C)

470 BCE

-Father of philosophy.
-I considered that the truth could only be reached through questioning and dialogue.
-Awakens the analytical and contemplative character of philosophy.
- "The power of the word guides towards the truth".

SAN AUGUSTIN DE HIPONA (354 d.C-430 d.c)

354

-Studies directed to the Soul and its access to God.
-Differentiate degrees and functions of the soul.
-Memory + Intelligence + Will = Soul
-His psychology starts from "original sin".
-His work "Confessions" is a collection of 13 autobiographical books.

SANTO TOMAS DE AQUINO (1225-1274)

1225

-High point of scholasticism.
-Primordial structure of beings: Mineral, vegetable, animal and thought (unique to man).
-Power of the soul: estimative, intellectual, vegetative, sensitive and memory.
-The knowledge comes from inner and outer senses.

CRISIS DEL SIGLO XVl

1400

-Breaking with tradition: Mysticism and Christianity.
-The object of interest becomes from the Soul (Christian) to the body and reason.
-Reform movement:
* Man ceases to be a subject of God (immortal soul) and begins to be considered as an individual (I).
-Freedom: essential for the human being.
-Use of experimentation to create science.
-The man becomes an object of investigation.

LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)

1452

-Recover the ideal and real man (total man).
-Interest in Anatomy and Physiology.
-Relate visual and mental activity.
- "Treatise on painting": True science is reached through experience and mathematical proof.
-Man can be freed from autoriad (Second nature granted by the spirit).

MIGUEL ANGEL BUONARROTI (1472-1562)

1472

• Nicknamed "The Divine" and considered "the Renaissance itself". -Man becomes the center of the Universe. -It considers that the truth can only be reached through personal reflection and research complemented by reason. -Man destined to reach divine perfection.

GIORDANO BRUNO (1548-1600)

1548

-The functions attributed to God become of the Universe.
-Imagination + Spirit = Coincidence of opposites.
-Universal Soul (infinity) and Human Soul (intelligent cause).
-Morality returns to concern for the common good, not just individual well-being.

FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

1561

-It indicates the contradictory movements of the soul.
-Criticist of the pharmacopoeia of his time:
* Emphasizes the importance of individual treatment.
-Distinguishes the spiritual soul (divine origin) from the sensitive soul (material, typical of all living beings).

RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650)

1596

-Father of modern philosophy.
-Fight prejudices through the rejection of received truths.
-It concentrates on the study of human knowledge.
-Links philosophical thinking to mathematical thinking.

BLAISE PASCAL (1623-1662)

1623

-It is proposed to change the way the world was managed.
-Delivers knowledge to science.
-Contributions:
* Pasacaliano thought (individual and social elements)
* Pascal's theorem
* Probability theory
* The existence of emptiness
* Pascal's triangle
-The essential element of man is the will and faith, not natural reason.
-Heart = houses both the will and the capacity for faith.
-Free will separates man from animal.

BARUCH SPINOZA (1632-1667)

1632

-The reality of man is twofold:
* Reality = substance
* God is identified with nature, which manifests itself in an active or passive way.
* Man = body + soul
* Extension + thought
-Looks for an authentic understanding of reality.

JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)

1632

-Understand the scope and limits of knowledge.
-It is proposed to discover a method to pass understanding to knowledge.
-The sensations are the source of ideas:
* Simple ideas: They relate to the qualities of objects (primary and secondary qualities).
* Complex ideas: They derive from experience but are formed by the combination of simple ideas.

GOTTFRIED WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646-1716)

1646

-The human unconscious is the root of judgments and reasoning.
-Unconscious:
* The individual has no current knowledge of this mental process.
* The other side of consciousness.
* Habits
* Later used as a basis for psychoanalysis.

GEORGE BERKELEY (1685-1753)

1658

-Interest in the spirituality and immortality of the soul.
-The matter is reduced to a subjective fact (It does not derive from perception).
-Consider the outside world as a psychological and spiritual reality.
-The perceptions that build our world are manifestations of God with men, through nature.

DENIS DIDEROT (1713-1784)

1713

-Publish the Encyclopedia:
* Collect the principles of illustration.
-Consider that a well-informed man is a new man and evil is a consequence of ignorance.

ETIENNE BONNOT CONDILLAC (1714-1780)

1714

-The senses are the source of knowledge.
-Object of study:
* Union of the body with the soul.
* Experience in the role of the union of body and soul.
-The man is the object of his own knowledge.
-Your work "Language linked to thought" talks about:
* The origin of language (coming from the imagination).
* The sensations as a primary element in the origin of the mental faculties.
* Differentiation between the order of the spirit and the material order.

IMMANUEL KANT (1724-808)

1724

-First representative of German idealism.
-The elements in the Universe are complementary to each other.
-Time is the pure form of previous contributions
-The faculty of understanding is attributed to human reasoning:
* Fundamental union between sensible intuition and concept.
*"Intuition is blind without concept and concept is empty without intuition."
-The soul can only be perceived by appealing to the inner sense.
-The soul perceives the body only through the senses.

PIERRE JEAN GEORGES CABANIS (1757-1808)

1757

-Psychophysiology and Neuropsychology.
-Study the relationship between human organs with the development of feelings.
-Its objective:
* Distinguish organic functions from intelligence functions.
-Study the brain system:
* System that unites the physical with the moral.
* Divide the nervous system into subsystems.
* It speaks of the partiality of the "I" that makes up a whole "I".

GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL (1770-1831)

1770

-The man is aware of himself and the world in which he lives.
-Human individuality:
*Different degrees of sensitivity.
*Capable of expressing himself.
*Maintains in consciousness certain conceptions established through the understanding, at the same time that it separates them.
-Its purpose is to identify absolute understanding.
-The union between spirit and consciousness make up a total entity.
-Assesses the role of the unconscious in the consolidation of language.

THE SCIENTIFIC PSYCHOLOGY OF THE XLX CENTURY

1780

-The epistemological and methodological model of the natural sciences begins to be applied in the study of human nature and its subjectivity.
-Scientific Psychology is highly questioned and rejected (for being considered inappropriate).
-A laboratory of experimental Psychology is inaugurated (by Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt).
-The distinction is made between physical knowledge and philosophical knowledge.

ERNEST HEINRICH WEBER (1795-18789)

1795

-Makes an investigation and separation of the sensations:
* Tactile sensations
* Visual sensations
-Perform Weber's Law:
* It is the quantitative relationship between a physical stimulus (in terms of magnitude) and the sensation produced by it.
* Later this is modified and becomes known as "Weber-Fechner Law".
-I considered that every human act could be explained by means of physicochemical principles.

GUSTAV FECHNER (1801-1887)

1801

-Collaborate with Weber for the consolidation of the "Weber-Fechner Law":
* "The smallest discernible change in the magnitude of a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus."
* Opens the doors to different methods to determine thresholds.
-Perform the first Psychophysical experiment in the United States:
* The perception of color tones under different lights.

JEAN MARTIN CHARCOT (1825-1893)

1825

-French neurologist.
-He studied at the Salpetrére de Paris:
* Pioneering institution in the scientific treatment of mental illnesses.
-He was dedicated to the study and analysis of hysteria.
* Traces its psychological and neurological origin, denying the belief that the condition was derived from the malformation of the female uterus.
* Makes the distinction between "Hysteria" and what is known today as "paranoid schizophrenia."

WILHELM MAXIMILIAN WUNDT (1832-1920)

1832

-Founder of Contemporary Experimental Psychology.
-Study the contents of the mind:
* Content psychology.
* Psychology of the mental structure.
-Publish your books:
* "Physiological psychology" where he raises experimental techniques.
* "Peoples Psychology" where it deals with anthropological issues and the influence of society on the individual.
-Wundt defines Psychology as "The science of immediate experience".

WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910)

1842

-Purely scientific psychology (empirical data).
-Focuses his studies on brain processes:
* Links mental processes with nervous ones
* Links the participation of motor phenomena with cognitive processes.
-Discover the influence of nervous discharges in the regulation of actions:
* There is a transformation of accepted ideas to perceptual mass.

JOSEF BREUER (1842-1925)

1842

-Discover the function of the ear in balance.
-Discover the mechanism of the body's thermal regulation through breathing.
-Create the cathartic method (precursor of psychoanalysis).
-Recognized as one of the best psychologists and physiologists in Vienna.

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

1856

-Go from Neurology to Psychology.
-Rethink human nature.
-Founds the Theory of the Unconscious.
-Father of Psychoanalysis:
* Created in 1896.
* Descriptive and explanatory theory of mechanisms and phenomena within human soul life.
-Study free association and the interpretation of dreams.

ALFRED BINET (1857-1911)

1857

-Take an interest in the influence of suggestion on human behavior:
* Reasoning and imagination.
* Mental processes without images.
* Cognitive aspects of personality.
-Develop together with Théodore Simon, a test to objectively measure people's intelligence:
* Mainly used to guide children with learning difficulties.
* Used in the workplace (Known as the Stanford-Binet test).

ALFRED ADLER (1870-1937)

1870

-One of the founders of Deep Psychology (along with Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung).
-Beginning to Individual Psychology.
-Formulates the concept of "compensations":
* Phenomenon in which the individual reinforces those deficient capacities (physical capacities).

CARL GUTAV JUNG (1875-1961)

1875

-Swiss Psychiatrist and Psychologist.
-First President of the International Psychoanalytic Association.
-Founds Analytical Psychology and Complex Psychology.
-Make several works about the theory of personality.
-Replaces Freudian sexuality by the concept of "energy".
-Makes the distinction between introverted and extroverted personalities.
-Create the concept of individual unconscious and collective unconscious.

MAX WERTHEIMER (1880-1843)

1880

-Founder of Gestalt Psychology.
- Help students to understand what they learn.
It makes a distinction between:
* Productive thinking: Insight, the subject internalizes and understands a revealed truth or concept.
* Reproductive thinking: mechanical and automatic repetition.
Create the Law of Pregnancies.
- Proposes that human beings perceive in a way that we integrate sensations in the best possible way.