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The first crusades were fought in a response to Pope Urban II's plea to go to war against Muslim forces. After the 1st crusade they captured Jerusalem. News of Edessa’s fall stunned Europe, and led Christian authorities in the West to call for another Crusade. The combined Muslim forces dealt a humiliating defeat to the Crusaders, decisively ending the Second Crusade. There were multiple other Crusades that followed this gruesome pattern.
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There were three types of "Black Death", Bubonic, Pnuemonic, and Septicemic Plagues. The Plague traveled by many means of travel such as by sea or by transportation of cloth. Black Death killed 25-50% or 1/3 of Europe's population. Bubonic plague victims had boils, Pneumonic plague victims had rapidly developing Pneumonia, and Septicemic plague vicitms often had abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting with bleeding from your mouth, nose or rectum, or under your skin.
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The Renaissance was the begining point of many artists and musicians. Artists like Leonardo da Vinci florished during the Renaissance because he was not only a painter and sculpture, he is also an architect, engineer, and astrologist. He was known as the Renaissance Man. Renaissance transfers into Re-birth. It fits becasue during that time Europe was re-born after the plague swept throught the lands.
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Joan of Arc was a peasent girl that believed God was talking to her and told her to lead the French arm into battle. With no military training she convinced Prince Charles of Valois to allow her to lead his army into the battle of Orleans. She lead them to victory and when she came back she was charged 70 different time with accusations such as heresy and witchcraft.
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Johannes Gutenberg's printing press was not the first, the Chinese had printing, but Gutenberg's printing press was the first with movable type. The first book printed was the Bible. He had multiple trial and errors for his movable type printing press, and he ran out of money, but then he got an investor and after four years he created his movable type printing press and printed the Bible a few years later.
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Christopher Columbus got the King and Queen of Spain to finance his voyage. His first landfall was in San Salvador, second landfall was Cuba, and his third landfall was Hispaniola. The purpose of his journey originally was to find a quicker route to China. But instead he discovered the "new world".
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When he was a munk he went on a mission trip to Rome, and he thought it was going to be amazing since Rome was the place of his religious worship and he thought he was going to see a lot of religious buildings and religious items, but instead he saw the opposite. He also was disgusted when he saw the Church selling indulgences, then he came up with his idea that salvation is achieved through the relationship you have between yourself and God. Not between Yourself God and the Church.
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When Pizarro invaded the Inca Empire the first attempt he made to conquer them was trying to convince them to be ruled by Spain and convert to Christianity, that attempt failed. The second attempt he made was capturing the Incan Emperor, that attempt worked. Pizarro stole all of their valubles such as gold and silver items. Pizarro and his 500 men unintentinally spread Small Pox to all of the natives which killed most of them. When Pizarro returned years later half the population was dead.
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Copernicus was another "Renaissance Man" because not only was he an astronomer, he was also a physician, scholar, economist, translator, mathematician, artist and diplomat. Copernicus went against the Church's Earth-Centered Universe Theory to prove his theory that the universe revolves around the Sun instead. After Copernicus died, his theory created a bunch of controversy in European science and religious circles.
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