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1543
Aristotelian System
The Aristotelian system was the broad term used to refer to the traditional view of the world expressed during the age of Aristotle by the ancients, and maintained and modified by the Church to fit with religious doctrine throughout the MIDDLE AGES. The Aristotelian system included accepted truths about biology, physics, and most notably, astronomy. Many of these "truths" were proven wrong during the Scientific Revolution. -
Period: 1550 to
Scientific revolution
Europe
Characters:
•Nicolaus Copernicus 1543: Published De Revolution ibuz Orbium Coelestium Copernicus, the idea of the heliocentric theory.
•Johannes Kepler 1618: He defines his laws on planetary motion ,with elliptical orbits
•Galileo Galilei 1591: demonstrates the property of gravity
First European using the telescope, refuting the contention of the Aristotelian system. The church obligated him to deny it but he refused and he died. -
Period: to
Enlightement
Mostly in Europe
-John Locke: he is one of the most influential thinkers of the European Enlightenment and he is also considered the father of empiricism.
-Isaac Newton: he created the three law’s of Newton and also formulated the Universal Gravitational Law.
-Voltaire: his work was always caused by controversy because of its references and positions about the government and the politics. He was a French writer and philosopher of the Enlightenment. -
The term "Geocentric"
The term geocentric describes the theory on the organization of the universe presented by Ptolemy of ancient Greece, and incorporated into the Aristotelian system, which claims that the earth is the center of the solar system and that the sun and other planets orbit around it. -
Thomas Hobbes
Thomas Hobbes, one of the main figures of enlightenment released the book “Leviathan”, which caused controversy and showed it self a quite provocative by using a sociological perspective. -
Defeat of King James II
In England the English protestants helped to defeat the head of the monarchy which was the catholic king James second in 1688, the power was given to the protestant monarchs William and Mary, after this revolution the english government made a Bill of rights that promised more personal freedoms. -
John Locke
John Locke came opposite with Hobbes by showing a representative government idea in his book “Two Treatises of government”, half a century later. -
Doctrine Of Uniformity
The doctrine of uniformity was an enormous step in the quest to integrate physics and astronomy. Developed by Galileo in his Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World, the doctrine of uniformity states that corresponding causes produce corresponding affects throughout the universe. Thus, terrestrial physics may be used to explain the motion of heavenly bodies. -
Period: to
American Revolution
Britain’s North American colonies
Characters:
- Benjamin Franklin: He helped to write the “Declaration of the Independence” and he also helped with the negotiation to end the Revolutionary War.
- John Adams: He helped to write the “Declaration of Independence” and the treaty that ended the war.
- George Washington: He was the leader of the American Army; later he became the first president of the USA. -
Battles of Concord and Lexington
First military engagement of the American Revolution War.
The British were defeated and went back to Boston. -
Declaration of Independence.
The Continental Congress appointed five leaders, called the Committee of Five, to write a document explaining why they were declaring their independence. The 5 members were Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman and Thomas Jefferson. -
USA adopts the flag of the thirteen bars and thirteen stars
From December 1775 to June 1777 they used a flag with thirteen bars, but instead of the thirteen stars, there was the Union Jack (the flag of the UK) . -
Battle of Yorktown
England is decisively defeated at the Battle of Yorktown -
Call of the Estate General
It was the legislative body of France during the French Revolution. The king would call a meeting of the Estates General when he wanted the advice on certain issues. They didn't meet regularly and had no real power. -
Period: to
French Revolution
Kingdom of France
Characters:
-Louis XVI: King of France. Caused France to fall into severe debt. In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed.
-Marie Antoinette: Queen of France, wife to Louis XVI. Lead a lavish lifestyle and was deeply despised. She was executed with her husband in 1793.
-Napoleon: A French general and political leader. Bonaparte rose after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. -
Storming of the Bastille
This violent attack from the people to the government signaled the start of the French Revolution. -
Overthrow of the monarchy
- Abolition of the French monarchy
- Establishment of a secular and democratic republic that became increasingly authoritarian and militaristic
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Execution of the Royal Family 1793 - 1794
King Louis XVI was executed by a guillotine on January 21, 1793.
Queen Marie Antoinette was also executed by a guillotine on October 16, 1793. -
Napoleonic Code
It still remains a basis of European continental law to this day -
Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
He rose swiftly through the ranks of army and government during and after the French Revolution and crowned himself emperor in 1804. -
Period: to
Napoleonic Empire
Started in France but expanded to almost all Europe, by 1810 it was easier to list the regions he didn’t dominate.
Characters:
-Napoleon Bonaparte I: First Consul and Emperor of France. He created a unified empire in which he included most of Europe,
-Alexander I: Czar and Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825. He was a member of the alliance that defeated Napoleon.
-Gebhard Blucher: Prussian field marshal who helped the British army, led by Wellington, defeat Napoleon's forces at Waterloo. -
War of 1812
During the Napoleonic Wars, the British made a policy of stopping US ships from landing in European ports, which lead to the War of 1812 that ended in 1814. In the end neither of the sides decisively won. -
Waterloo
Battle in which Napoleon was finally defeated by the British and the Prussians. He had a chance to attack the British forces before the Prussians were there to join in the battle, but he made the crucial mistake of waiting for the muddy ground to dry before attacking.
