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Primitive human beings believed that illnesses and diseases were caused by supernatural spirits -
Doctors would preform ceremonies to exorcise the evil spirits from the person. They would also remove part of the cranium to exorcise evil spirits. -
Digitalis: treat heart conditions
Quinine: controls fever, relieves muscle spasms, help prevent malaria
Belladonna and atropine: relieve muscle spasms (especially in GI pain)
Morphine: treat severe pain -
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Health Records: earliest people to keep accurate health records
Who are physicians?: in ancient Egypt the priests acted as physicians
How did they heal?: used medicines to heal diseases, learned how to splint fractures, and treated disorders by bloodletting with the use of leeches -
Development of acupuncture: first to use primitive acupuncture therapies (as early as the Stone Age). -
Illness cause Nature vs. Spiritual: first to study the causes of disease and determine that illnesses were natural, not spiritual. Research helped eliminate superstition.
Dissection: religious custom did not allow bodies to be dissected.
Hippocrates: Wrote the standard of ethics called the Oath of Hippocrates, kept careful notes of diseases and symptoms and declared that they were not chased by supernatural forces. -
Sanitation Systems: wore a death mask, had a spice-filled beak, believed it protected them d from disease and bad odor Organize medical care: first to do it, sent medical equipment and physicians with armies to care for wounded soldiers. Hospital development: physicians kept a room in their houses for the ill. Public buildings for the sick established. -
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Roman Empire was conquered by the Huns, they stopped studying medicine, for 1,000 years it was only practiced in convents and monasteries. Church believed that life and death were in God’s hands, monks and priests didn’t have an interest in how the body worked. -
Prayer was used as a treatment, medicines were herbal and care was custodial. -
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Lots of death from epidemics, bubonic plague killed 60 million people. Also, smallpox, diphtheria, syphilis, and tuberculosis. -
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Universities: first universities and medical schools built
Dissection: acceptance of dissection of the body for study
Books: books were published to spread more medical knowledge -
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Studied and recorded the anatomy of the body. -
Discovered the Fallopian tubes of the female anatomy. -
Discovered the Eustachian tube, the tube leading from the ear to the throat. -
Able to describe the circulation of blood and the pumping of the heart. -
Invented the microscope, scraped his teeth and found the bacteria that causes tooth decay. -
First started in this time, apothecaries in England engaged in a flourishing trade in drugs and spices. -
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Discovered bifocals, found that colds could be passed from person to person. -
Students attended lectures and classes, saw patients at the bedside, dissected dead people’s bodies and discovered ways diseases killed them. -
Discovered the element oxygen, observed that plants refresh air that has lost oxygen, which can be used for respiration. -
Discovered a vaccination for smallpox, led to immunization and to preventive medicine in public health. -
Invented the stethoscope, increased the ability to hear the heart an lungs, allowing doctors to determine if disease was present. -
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Identified the cause of childbed fever, physicians weren’t sanitizing after working with dead patients, which was infecting mothers giving birth. Enforced new sanitation requirements basically. -
Attracted well educated, dedicated women to the Nightingale School of Nursing. Raised nursing standards, giving more respect to nurses. She was sent to a war with other women to help treat soldiers who got cholera, then began promoting better sanitation and construction of hospitals. -
Known as “Father of Microbiology”, discovered that tiny microorganisms were everywhere. Proved that they caused diseases, also discovered that hearing milk prevented growth of bacteria, created a vaccine for rabies. -
Discovered that some diseases are caused by microorganisms that can’t be seen with a microscope (viruses). These included viruses like the flu, chicken pox, and German measles. -
Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs that cause infection, first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery (helps prevent infection at the incision). -
Developed asepsis. Developed a method to keep an area germ-free before and during surgery. -
Discovered many disease-causing organisms, developed culture plate method, isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. Introduced importance of sanitation and cleanliness in preventing the spread of diseases. -
Discovered the effect of medicine on disease causing microorganisms. Brought about the use of chemicals to fight diseases. Found treatment to treat syphilis. -
Discovered x-rays in 1895, allowing doctors to see inside the body to help doctors figure out what was wrong. -
Nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform were discovered. Put patients into deep sleep so they don’t feel pain during surgery. -
Found that penicillin killed life-threatening bacteria. Before this, people wouldn’t be able to survive with illnesses like pneumonia, gonorrhea, and blood poisoning, making it a huge discovery. -
Discovered conscious and unconscious parts of the mind. Determined the mind and body worked together. His studies were the basis of psychology and psychiatry. -
Discovered sulfonamide compounds. First medications effective in killing bacteria. -
Discovered that a dead polio virus would cause immunity to poliomyelitis. Saved many lives with this discovery. -
Used a live polio virus vaccine, which is more effective against poliomyelitis. -
Discovered the molecular structure of DNA. Their model served to explain how DNA replicates and how hereditary information is coded on it. Won the Nobel Prize in Medicine for this discovery. -
Preformed the first successful heart transplant. -
Known for being good at separating Siamese twins and preforming hemispherectomies. -
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Targeted cancer therapies have been developed to interfere with the spread of cancer by blocking cells involved in tumor growth, and identifying and killing the dangerous cancer cells, -
Keeps medical records on a computer. Before EHRs, paper charts led to inefficiencies, medical mistakes, and unnecessary hospitalizations because providers often were unaware of conflicting medications or previously diagnosed conditions. This caused people to be treated with the wrong things, plus it was much less accurate. -
There are currently 7 organs being built in labs: eyes, hearts, skin, bones, muscles, brains, and livers. This takes away the stress of people donating and people who need organs donated hoping for organs, which is great. -
A person having a heart attack can be treated by busting the blockage that prevents the blood from circulating with t-PA, a genetically engineered tissue plasminogen activator. Plaque in blood vessels can then be opened by using a stent, damaged artery is then replaced. Helped prevent many deaths. -
In 2006, the FDA approved the drug, Atripla, which improved the treatment for AIDS. This drug was a combination of 3 drugs. Then in 2013, Stribild was approved, which was a combination of 4 drugs that treated AIDS the most effectively.