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Henry the Navigator of Portugal was the first person to go in front of the Queen and King for funding for his expedition to find the bottom of Africa. In this expedition, he had the idea of stopping at different ports along the way. These ports provided food, water, and other goods.
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In 1440, Johannes Gutenberg created the Printing Press. This invention was a quicker and easier way to produce and distribute documents such as the 95 Theses. -
The Columbian Exchange was an important trade route between North America, South America, Europe, and Africa. In this trade route, North and South America would get enslaved people from Africa. Europe would get many different foods that were new to them from America, and they would send guns along with manufactured goods and mercantilist ships to Africa. -
When Columbus was exploring to find new land, he came across what he believed to be East Asia. After time, he realized that he found America and after landing here, colonization bloomed. The discovering of America was a huge influence in the start of the Columbian exchange. -
When Vasco de Gama reached Calicut, India, it was a huge step forward for Portugal. Calicut is a major spice islands. Any country who was able to reach this spice island would benefit hugely. Portugal, being the first to reach the spice island, became very rich, and everyone else was interested in finding the spice island. -
Pedro Cabral's discovery of Brazil was a complete accident. When Pedro was sailing to Africa, he went around the waterways to avoid being pushed back. Evidently, he went too far west and discovered a new land, Brazil. -
After a visit with Luther's parents, Luther was caught in a terrible storm. Luther was moments away from dying, but he called on Saint Anne and told her that if she saved him, he would become a monk. After becoming a monk, his whole idea of Lutherism bloomed and his views began to spread. -
Mary Tudor, or Mary I, was the oldest child of Henry VIII. She was born prior to Henry's break from the church, so she spent her life as a Catholic Ruler. After her Anglican brother Edward died, she took the throne in 1516. She gave people the choice of converting to Catholicism, or dying.
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The 95 theses, a list of 95 problems that Martin Luther had with the Catholic Church, and more specifically indulgences was posted on the Doors of the Church of England. He posted this on October thirty-first, also known as Saint Hollows Eve, the day before the church would be packed with worshipers, and welcomed by the theses. -
During the time that The Line of Demarcation came out, Ferdinand Magellan wanted to prove that India was all on the west side of the world. The Line of Demarcation gave Spain the west side of the world, and Portugal got the east side. Ferdinand travelled west around the world, so he could prove that India was west, and therefore the land belonged to Spain. -
When Catholic official weren't happy with Luther and his views on religion, they called him up to talk. Here he embarrassed the official and was forced to hide away for the rest of his life to avoid further problems. -
Henry VIII had forever longed for a son, but when his wife Catherine of Aragon gave him a daughter, he wanted to get an annulment. Unfortunately, under the Church of England, getting an annulment was prohibited. Therefore, Henry told Thomas Cranmer that if he left the church with him and helped him get an annulment, Henry would give him the role of Arch Bishop of Canterbury. Cranmer agreed and Henry, along with the rest of England, became an Anglican state. -
The book of Common Prayers was written by Edward VI and Thomas Cranmer. This book was used in many Anglican services, and helped others understand the Anglican religion.
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The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty set between Charles V, and the Holy Roman Empire. This treaty separated The Holy Roman Empire into over 300 independent states and appointed a ruler to each state. Each ruler got to choose if their state would be Lutheran or Catholic. -
Mary I was furious with Thomas Cranmer, an arch bishop appointed by Henry VIII. He broke up her parents, and changed England from a Catholic state, to an Anglican state. Mary locked Thomas Cranmer up and told him that if he didn't write about how Protestantism was not real and what he did was wrong, he would be killed. Thomas Cranmer did as he was told, but he was still killed.
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After the death of Mary I, England returned to an Anglican state under Elizabeth I. Elizabeth was a smart ruler who made Anglican the main religion while still welcoming other religions.
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The Bartholomew's day Massacre was a three-day war between Catholics and Calvinist, full of bloodshed and many deaths. This war was originally supposed to be some Catholic police killing political Calvinist, but once the common people heard of this, they got involved. -
Francis Drake, an English pirate went on a three-year voyage around the world to raid Spanish ships and ports. Through this voyage, Francis became quite rich and ended up getting around what is 200 million dollars in today's time. -
Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese explorer, was one of the most influential people in finding the route to the Eastern spice trade. Bartolomeu was sailing through Africa, until he was suddenly greeted by what he thought was the tip of South Africa, or the Cape of Good Hope. This was a huge turning point and gave everyone hope to keep exploring Africa. -
In 1588, Phillip II of Spain sent an armada to invade England with the goal of overthrowing Elizabeth I as well as Protestantism in England. Eventually, England won and continued to be Protestant. -
The Treaty of Tordesillas was put in place by the pope to stop disputes between Spain and Portugal, two Catholic states. In this treaty, the line of Demarcation was put in place. This line gives Spain the "west" side of the world, and Portugal the "east" side of the world.
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Henry IV, also known as Henry of Navarre, put into place the Edict of Nantes. This peace treaty recognized Catholicism as the main religion of France, while giving the Huguenots the right to worship and enjoy political privileges such as holding offices. This treaty officially ended the French Civil Wars. -
The Dutch East India Company was a strong trading group that became very rich. Unlike Portugal, the Dutch did not force people to switch religions in order to trade with them. This company brought many profitable spices to Europe making them an even richer country. -
In 1603 after Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I had all died, the Tudor dynasty officially ended, and the Stuarts were welcomed. Immediately there was a difference; unlike the Tudors, who would work with Parliament and ask them questions, the Stuarts believed in the Divine Right of Kings. They believed that they were chosen by god to be king, and they only had to address god with their choices and not Parliament, resulting in warfare. -
The Thirty Years' War took place in the Holy Roman Empire, and was a fight between the Catholic forces and the Protestant Nobles over religion. For 30 years this war destroyed Germany, but was finally ended by the Peace of Westphalia.
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Louis XIV was an absolute monarch, and the owner of Versailles. Louis was called the "Sun King" because he kept many nobles at Versailles and they "orbited" around him and everything he did.
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The Peace of Westphalia officially ended the Thirty Years' was in Germany. This peace treaty divided the Holy Roman Empire into over 300 different independent states, and gave the state the power to determine their own religion to follow. This treaty confirmed the Peace of Augsburg. After a long 30 years of fighting, the 30-year war finally ended. -
After Oliver Cromwell and the Roundheads won the civil war against the Cavilers, commonwealth replaced the monarchy. Under commonwealth, Oliver became a military dictator and created a Rump Parliament. However, he later dissolved the Rump Parliament, leaving him solely in charge.
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When Charles I and the Cavilers lost the war against the Roundheads, and commonwealth came and replaced the monarchy, he was sent to be beheaded. Many people watched the beheading of the king, some with happiness, and others with sadness. -
Parliament was feed up with James II and the idea of Divine Right of Kings. Parliament finally wanted their voice to be heard, so they called on William and Mary of the Netherlands to come and take over. Everyone in England, besides James, was aware of this and agreed that on the battlefield they would drop their weapons, making this a bloodless, and glorious revolution. -
Before giving Mary and William of the Netherlands the thumbs up to take over England, they first needed to sign the Bill of Rights. This Bill stated that William and Mary would rule England as a Constitutional Monarchy, along with following the Toleration act.