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John Wesley
The English Methodists followed im because of his emotionally powerful and personal sermons. They gradually separated from the Church of England. This lead to a religious revival. -
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Edmund Burke
He was the original British critic of the French Revolution. He argued that the revolutionaries erred in thinking they could constrcut an entirely new government based on reason. Government had to be rooted in long experience. -
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Maximilien Robespierre
He was the leader of the Committee of Public Safety in charge of supervising food distribution, directing the war effort, and rooting out counterrevolutionaries. He wasnted to create a republic of virtue where the gvoernment would teach citizens to ceome virtuous republicans. Thus began the Terror, where the guillotine became a punishment to those who disaggreed. -
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Georges-Jacques Danton
He was Robespierre's main competitor as a theorist of the Revolution. He maintained that after the importance of food came the importance of education. He was deputy of the National Convention. -
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Freidrich Schiller
He was one of the greatest writers of his time. He typified the turn in sentiment against revolutionary politics by saying "Freedom is only in the realm of dreams and the beautiful blooms in song." -
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Anne-Louise-Germain de Staël
This former expratriate was the daughter of Louis XVI's chief minister. She was a great writer, but her books were banned in France.
-Corinne (1807)--woman in a patriarchal system
-Germany (1810)--account of the important new literary currents east of the Rhine -
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François-René de Chateaubriand
He admired Napoleon as the strong man who had saved France, but he prefered the monarchy.
-Genius of Christianity (1802)--drew attention to the power and mystery of faith -
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King Gustavus III
He was the King of Sweden. He was assassinated by a nobleman who claimed that the king had violated his oath and declared himself an enemy of the realm. His son was cnovinced the the French Jacobins had ordered it. -
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Klemens von Metternich
An austrian prince, he took the lead in devising the settlement and shpaing the post-Napoleonic order. He worked with the British Prime Minister to ensure a moderate agreement that would check French aggression yet maintain France's great-power status -
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Louis XVI
King of France
-showed more interest in hunting than
-little interest in government
-Beheaded -
Dutch Patriot Revolt
Thre Free Corps wanted to limit the power of the Prince of Orange.
-middle-class bankers and merchants
-forced local officials to set up new elections to replace councils
-eventually the Patriots would have to wait until the French republican armies invaded in 1795 -
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European Revolutions
Revolts in the name of liberty broke out throughout Europe
-Dutch Republic
-Austrian Netherlands
-Poland
-France -
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Lord Byron
He was a Romantic poety who celebrated overwhelming emotion. His poetry, along with others of his time, elevated the wonders of nature to almost supernatural. -
Third Estate to national Assembly
After six weeks of stalemant, the deputies of the Thir d Estate took unilateral action and declared themselves and whoever would join them the National Assembly.
-Each deputy would vote as an individual
-clergy also joined them -
Parisians Capture Bastille
An armed group of Parisians capture Bastille
-Royal fortress and symbol of monarchical authority capture
-showed the determination of the common people -
End of Feudalism
The National Assembly decided to make sweeping changes.
-Noble deputies announced their willingness to give up tax exemptions
-decreed the abolition of "the feudal regime"
-enlightenment ideas were starting to becomes laws -
Women's March to Versailles
A crowd of several thousand women marched from the center of Paris to Versaiiles.
-demaneded help in secruing more grain for the hungry
-wanted reassurance that the king wouldn't resis the merging revolutionary movement -
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Monarchy to Republic
The French revolutionaries first tried to establish a constitutional monarchy. When that failed, war broke out.
-Revolution of Rights and Reason
-Declaration of the RIghts of Man and Citizen
-End of Monarchy -
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The National Assembly required all clergy to swear an oath of loyaly to the Civil Consitution of the Clergy.
-Condemned by Pope Pius VI
-1/2 refused
-permanantely divided Catholics with the "consitutional church" -
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War with Austria and Prussia
Louis XVI delcared war on Austria. Prussia entered on the Austrian side. It would continue for the next 23 years. The Purssian commander, the duke of Brunswick, issed a manifest saying that Paris would be totally destroyed if anything happened to his royal family. -
2nd French Revolution
After war broke out in 1792, tensions culminated in a second revolution.
-the king was deposed
-republic was established in which all power rested in an electred legislature -
1st French Republic
The National Convention abolished the monarchy and established the first republic in French history. This changed from the constitutional monarchy that had not worked well. -
London Corresponding Society
This society, based in London, corresponded with the Paris Jacobin Club and served as a center for reform agitation in England. Pro-French ideas ran strong. -
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Reign of Terror
The National Convention was in total control of the government as it changed from a monarchy to a republic. Anyone who did not aggree with the revolution was immediately sent to the guillotine. Hundreds of thousands of people were sent to prison. It finally ended with the beheading of Robespierre. -
Louis XVI Dies
Because of his power leadership and lack of concern for the French government and people, Louis XVI guilty of treason. He was exectued by the guilotine. This meant that even as king, he was not above the law. -
Committee of Public Safety
This commitee was set up by the National Convention. It was supposed to help form the republic, but instead it set Terror in motion. Tirbunals were set up to try political suspects. Many people were sent to the guillotine. -
Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
Charlotte Corday assassinated deputy Jean-Paul Marat because she supported the Girdondin. She thought it was her patriotic duty to kill him because he had advocated for the deaths of other non-revolutionists. -
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Poland Extinguished
The Poles wanted freedom. A few peasant bands formed in an attempt at rebellion but failed. Russia, Austrai, and Prussia did not to take any chances at a Polish revolution and wiped Polad completely from the map in the 3rd partion of 1795. -
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Thermidorian Period
-
French Abolish Slavery
The National Convention formalled abolished slavery. Full citizen rights were granted to all black men in the colonies. -
Thermidorian Reaction
Robespierre appeared before the National Convention with a list of names of people to be arrested. Many people feared that they would be on the list. They shouted at him and arrested him. It ended with Robespierre being beheaded the next day. -
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Ferderick William III
He was the king of Prussia. He appointed a reform commission and abolished serfdom. He also allowed non-nobles to buy and enclose land. Peasants were able to gain their freedom. -
Napolean Controls French Army
In 1798, the Directory set aside its plans to invade England and gave Napolean command of the French army. He was sent across the Mediterranean Sea to Egypt in hopes of having French occupation of Egypt strike a blow at British trade by cutting the route to India. The British defeated the French and the French retreated to Syria. -
Napolean keeps the legislature from leaving Paris
The conspirators persuaded the legislature to mov out of Paris to avoid an iaginary Jacobin plot. Bonaparte stormed into the meeting hall and demanded immediate changes to the constitution.The Directory was abolished and a new 3-man consulate was formed. Napolean became the 1st consul. -
Concordate ith Pope Pius VI
A concordat with Pope Pius VII ended the church-state conflict in France. The pope validated all sales of church lands, and the government agreed to pay the salaries of bishops and pirests who would swear loyalty to the state. Catholicism was officially recognized as the religion of the majoyrity of French citizens. -
Legion of Honor
Members of the legion received lifetime pensions along with their titles. Napolean equated honor with military success. Most members were generals, ministers, prefects, scientists, rich men, and former nobles. -
Treaty of Amiens
Once the Austrians withdrew from fighting against France, Britain agreed to the treaty, effectively ending hostility between European countries. However, France considered this merely a truce, and it only lasted until 1803. -
Louisianna Territory
Trying to pay for the money for war, Napolean sold the Louisianna Territory to the United States. -
Republic of Haiti
After years of fighting, rebels in the French Colonies defeated the French army. They declared the Rpublic of Haiti to be free from France. Toussaint (although he died in 1802) had a large part of defeating the French armies. -
Napolean arrests "Conspiriators"
Napoleon ordered his police to kidnap Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé from Germany because he thought that he was a conspirator. Although his intelligence proved to be false, Napolean insisted that the man be tried by a military tribunal. By then, it was clear that Napoleon wanted to be emperor for life. -
Civil Code
This reasserted the Old Regime's patriarchal system of male dominance over women and insisted on a father's control over his children. If a child under 16 disobeyed his father's command, he could be sent to prison, but fathers also had to provide for their children. The Civil Code protected property rights, guaranteed religious liberty, and established a uniform sys of law that provided equal treatement for all adult males. -
Confederation of the Rhine
Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine, which included almost all of the German states except Austria and Prussia. The Holy Roman Emperor gave up his title and became simply the emperor of Austria. -
Continental System
In an effort to brankrupt Britain, Napoleon prohibited all commerce between Great Britain and France or France's dependent states and allies. At first it worked. However, the British retaliated by confiscating merchandise on ships. -
Napoleon invades Portugal
Napoleon sent 100,000 troops to Portugal. The royal family fled to Brazil but fighting still continued. -
Hierarchy of Nobles
Napoleon introduced a hierarchy of noble titles ranging from princes down to barons. They all served the state. Titles could be inherited but had to be supported by wealth. Napoleon also have them wealth. -
Invasion of Russia
Napoleon was trying to fight the Russians, but they kept retreating. He finally met them at the battle of Borodina where the French had a large number of casualties. The French eventually lost because they were fighting a war on two fronts: Russia and Spain. -
End of Napoleon
After his devasting loss in Russia, more and more French allies dropped. The French Senated deposed him, and he abdicated when his remaining generals refused to fight. He went into exile, and Louis XVIII was restored to the throne. -
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Congress of Vienna
-Settled the boundaries of European states
-determined who would rule each nation
-establisehd a new framework for international relations based on periodic meetings between the major powes. -
Battle of Waterloo
-Napoleon vs. Sir Arthur Wellesly (joint group of Belgian, Dutch, Germany, and British troops)
-Prussians arrived and the French had to give up
-Napoleon once again abdicated and was banished to St. Helena in West Africa -
The Hundred Days
Napoleon escaped from Elba. Upon his return, he was cheered by former soldiers. He moved his army into Belgium, where he was defeated. -
Frankenstein
-Book written by Mary Shelly
-makes the point that humans cannot always control their own creatiosn
-Critique of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution and their dark sides -
French Revolution of 1830
Spontaneous demonstrations against king Charles X led to fighting in July of 1830. The crown was eventaully given Louis-Philllipe of Orléans. -
British Reform Bill
1/5 of Britons were allowed to vote, but it still depended on holding property.