French Revolution

By sochoa14

  • Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794)

    -He was the leader of the committee of the Public Saftey.
    -He wanted to go beyond the stop gap measures and wanted tp create a “republic of Virtue”
    -He was a lawyer from France, he laid out the principles of a republic
    -He was arrested and executed in July of 1794
    -His death resulted in the end of the Terro.

  • Anne-Louise-Germaine (1766-1817)

    A talented French writer put into exile.
    While exiled in the German states, she wrote, Corinne (1807) and On Germany (1810)

  • Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

    -a general who took over the French Republic.
    -He made a compromise with the Catholic Church and exiled aristocrats that wanted to come back to France.
    -Civil Code: eased the ideas of the Enlightenment and the Revolution with the pushing of the powers that some people have over others.
    -Named the commander of the French army in Italy due to military success.

  • Louis XVI 1754-1793:

    -He ruled from 1774 through 1792
    -he was tried of treason
    -He eventually got executed on January 21, 1793
    -During the fiscal crisis people complained that he didn’t show much interest in the problems that were happening in the government.
    -He married Marie-Antoinette

  • Queen Marie-Antoinette: (1755-1793)

    -wife of Louis XVI
    -She was queen of France, she was known as beautiful, blond, and elaborate hairdos.
    -She had sixteen children

  • : Revolutionary Wave (1787-1789)

    -Liberty broke out in the Dutch Republic, Austria Netherlands, France, and Poland.
    -During that time the United States of America was independent and readied for a new federal constitution.
    -The French Revolution caused France to become the richest, most powerful, and most populous state in Europe.

  • Liberty broke out in the Dutch Republic, Austria Netherlands, France, and Poland.During that time the United States of America was independent and readied for a new federal constitution.The French Revolution caused France to become the richest, most powe

    -Their purpose was to reduce the powers of the prince of Orange, kinglike that favored with Great Britain.
    -Built support in middle class that helped the Patriots to gain a more popular audience from demanding political reforms.
    -Organized armed citizen militias that were called Free Corps.

    -Free Corps soon took upper hand from the prince of Orange, soon after thousands of Prussian troops helped prince of Orange to regain formal position.

  • Declaration of the Right of Man and Citizen (1789):

    -This established the sovereignty of the nation and equal rights for citizens.
    -This made women in denial of accept their exclusion
    -Tthis was the cause of the Women’s Club

  • Monarchy to Republic (1789-1793)

    The French revolutionaries tried to establish a constitutional monarchy that were based on the principles of human rights and rational government. The Revolution of Rights and Reason was one cause of the conversion to Republic.

  • Jacobin Club (1789)

    -This was a French political club
    -This clubs inspired the formation of a national network, the members were able to dominate the revolutionary government during the Terror.
    -This club was named after a former monastery in Paris, that is where the club first met.

  • Great Fear(1789):

    -The was when the French rural had a panic about beggars and vagrants.
    -This led peasants to attack the aristocrats.
    -Peasants refused to pay dues to their lords the peasants raised alarm because of their persistence and their possible insurrection.

  • General Estates opens at Versailles(May 5, 1789):

    -Before it opened up at Versailles 12 hundred deputies when the the king’s palace for the opening of the Estates General.
    -The Third Estate took and action and declared themselves the National Assembly.
    -the result was having the clergy voted to join the National Assembly.

  • The Fall of the Bastille:

    -This happened in July 14, 1789
    -started when the king fired Jacques Necker who was the Swiss Protestant minister
    -this caused the common people to intervene in a violent way toward the political movement.

  • Constitution of May 3, 1791:

    -established a hereditary monarchy that had some strength of authority.
    -ended veto power with all aristocrats that had over legislation.
    townspeople received political rights that were limited.
    -the constitution was made because of the Polish patriots.
    the Polish patriots’ leader was August Poniatowski.

  • When War Broke Out (1792):

    -This caused new tensions in the second revolution.
    -Before the war broke out the French Revolutions tried to establish a constitutional monarchy.
    -That constitutional monarchy was based on the Enlightenment principles.

  • National Convention cracks (1793)

    -The National Convection cracked down the popular clubs and societies.
    -The Society of Revolutionary Republic was founded in 1793 and that happened after the National Convention broke down.
    -This was where women had set up their own clubs in different towns and attended local men’s organization.

  • The Republic of Virtue(1793-1794)

    -Civic festivals were set up in order to encourage republican art
    -Also the republic set up politicizing aspects of daily like including measurments of space and time.

  • De -Christianization (1793):

    -This was a campaigned that included closing churches both Protestant and Catholic ones.
    -The churches (buildings) would be sold to the highest bidder.
    -The churches resulted in being; store- houses for arms or grain, either that other the parts (stones) were sold to the contractors

  • The ‘Catholic and Royal Army’ (1793)

    -Is was caused because of the resistance that turned into a bloody and prolonged civil war.
    -Peasants, artisans , and weavers joined noble leadership and that lead to form the Catholic and Royal Army.
    -The republicans killed the king and had chased away the priests, said by one the the rebels.

  • The Terror of 1793-1794

    Napoleon appointed prefects to look over local affairs.
    Created the Bank of France to make it easier for the government to borrow and rely on gold and silver coinage rather than paper money.
    People were not executed, but those who opposed him couldn’t meet in clubs, have any part in elections, or publish newspapers (newspapers in Paris went from 73 to 13, and later 4 that were controlled by the government)
    The government had to approve of operas and plays, and more artwork was banned due to offe

  • Execution of Louis XVI(January 21,1793

    -His fate and the future of the republic had divided the deputies elected to the National Convention.
    -During the king’s trial the first showdown was between Girondins and the Mountain in December 1792.
    -Louis XVI was killed by the guillotine after Girondins found him guilty of treason.

  • Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799)

    -This was caused because of the men that led the attack on Robespierre in Thermidor
    -This was a violent backlash versus the rule of Robespierre
    -Because of this the Terror was torn apart, it also punished Jacobins and their people

  • 1799 Napoleon named First Consul

    He promised to restore order to the republic and be a man above party.
    A vote was taken and even though many people didn’t vote, the government falsified the result to go in Napoleon’s favour.
    5 years later, Napoleon crowns himself as Napoleon I, emperor of the French.

  • Politicizing Daily Life(1799)

    -Georges-Jacques Danton (1759-1794): was a deputy and also Robespierre’s main competitor as theorist in the Revolution.

    -This caused one-fifth as many boys enrolled in the state secondary schools as had studied in the church schools in the year 1799
    -The tricolor was planned in July of 1789 that became the France flag.

  • 1799 Coup against Directory

    conspirators moved the legislature to leave Paris to escape an imaginary Jacobian plot.
    Napoleon came in the next day to demand charges in the constitution, but he was welcomed with cries of “Down with the dictator!”
    His brother, Lucien, summoned troops to stand guard to throw out those who opposed of Napoleon and left the ones to vote to abolish the Directory and establish the consulate.
    Napoleon establishes the fourth constitution since 1789.

  • 1801 Napoleon signs concordat with pope

    This ended a decade of church-state conflict in France.
    Pope approved of the sale of church lands.
    The government approved of providing the salaries of bishops and priests and long as they swear loyalty to the state.
    French was seen as a majority of Catholic and the pope supported Napoleon in his regime.

  • 1802 Legion of Honour

    He chose senators, generals, ministers, prefects, scientists, rich men, and former nobles as the new social hierarchy.
    He wanted to replace the nobles of old birth and the republic’s strict emphasis on equality.
    Honor was usually aligned with military success.

  • 1804 Napoleon crowned emperor

    Plebiscites approved of his decision, but there wasn’t much room for alterations.
    His face and name appeared on coins, engraving, histories, paintings, and public monuments.
    He was an intellectual and surrounded himself with scientists, artists, jurists, etc.
    He brought his companions and those loyal to him to work at his side.
    He didn’t start out with plans to expand through all of Europe.
    He placed his family in the highest of rankings.

  • 1804 issues Civil Code

    This code reemphasized the Old Regime’s patriarchal system of male dominance of women and pushed for father’s control over his children.
    It protected property rights, promised religious liberty, and provided a system of laws that would show the equality of all adult males.
    Napoleon did not agree with abortion, which were common in with the paupers, so he helped set up charities and organizations to help women and make it easier to anonymously put their children up for adoption.
    Women received

  • 1805 Battle of Austerlitz

    Napoleon demanded that Austria become neutral in the conflict with Britain.
    He captured 25,000 soldiers at Ulm.
    He came upon the Austrians again with Russia by their side and defeated them a second time.
    Was told to be Napoleon’s greatest victory.

  • 1805 Battle of Trafalgar

    The British fought against Spain and France.
    The British navy maintained its superiority.
    France lost multiple ships while Britain didn’t lose any.

  • Prussia declares war on France

    In 1806 the French routed the Prussian army at Jena and Auestädt.
    In 1807, Napoleon defeats the Russians at Friedland.
    Negotiations between Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon led to the Treaties of Tilsit.
    Treaties of Tilsit: Prussian lands west of the Elbe River were turned into the kingdom of Westphalia and Prussia’s Polish provinces became the duchy of Warsaw.

  • 1806 Confederation of the Rhine

    Included the German states except Austria and Prussia.
    The Holy Roman Emperor gave up his title and went down to the emperor of Austria.
    The territories annexed by France and the kingdoms of Italy and Naples were the three units of Italy established by Napoleon.

  • 1806 Continental System

    Although France was expanding throughout Europe, they still had one problem– Great Britain.
    Great Britain controlled the seas and financed anyone opposing France.
    The Continental System prohibited all commerce between Great Britain and France and France’s dependent states and allies.
    British exports dropped down 10%, their manufacturing declined by 10% and this resulted in strikes and revolts in Northern Great Britain.

  • 1807 France invades Portugal

    The French go through Spain to get to Portugal.
    The royal family fled to Brazil.
    The Portuguese were allied with the British.

  • 1812 Napoleon invades Russia

    Invading Russia was the undoing of Napoleon.
    The Russians kept retreating eastward. The French caught up with the at the battle of Borodino. The Russians left the city of Moscow in flames.
    With the winter just around the corner, supplies failed, artillery was left, horses died, diseases came, and only ⅙ of the population was left to later be captured by the Russians.
    rman nationalist “war of liberation.”

  • 1813 Battle of the Nations

    With British financial support, Russian, Austrian, Prussian, and Swedish armies took down the French near Leipzig.
    Napoleon was defeated in the Battle of the Nations.
    German allies deserted France and began on the German nationalist “war of liberation”.

  • 1814 French Senate deposed Napoleon

    Spanish–Portuguese army under British command invaded France and headed for Paris.
    Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of Elba.
    His wife refused to join him.
    Louis XVIII was restored to the throne, but lacked a solid base of support.

  • 1814-1815 Congress of Vienna

    The Congress settled the boundaries for the new European states, who would rule each state and establish international relations.

  • 1815 Escape from Elba

    Napoleon fled from Elba and returned with open arms.
    the Hundred Days: the point of Napoleon’s escape to his defeat.
    Louis fled.

  • 1815 Napoleon defeated at Waterloo, exiled to St. Helena

    Belgian, Dutch, German, and British troops came together against the French. Napoleon had to abdicate once again.
    Napoleon died at St. Helena in 1821.