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As the capital of the Byzantine Empire, Constantinople became a great cultural, economic, religious, and administrative center.
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One of the many factors that contributed to the fall of the Roman Empire was the rise of a new religion, Christianity.
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His sole rule was characterized by profound efforts to strengthen the empire and return the state to its former ancient glory.
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Islam introduced a comprehensive faith and a political-legal system that established order and justice.
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Battle of Tours is considered the high water mark of the Moslem invasion of Western Europe.
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The mutual excommunications by the Pope and the Patriarch that year became a watershed in church history.
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It largely removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy, aristocracy, and clerical hierarchy.
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Were defeated by the Seljuq Turks led by the sultan Alp-Arslan.
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The First Crusade was part of the Christian response to the Muslim conquests, and was followed by the Second to the Ninth Crusades, but the gains made lasted for less than 200 years.
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A number of inhabitants ranging from 100,000 to 1,000,000 were massacred during the invasion of the city, and the city was sacked and burned.
