-
Cosimo de' Medici played a great role in the Italian Renaissance where he patronized art, humanism and was one of the founders that ruled Florence.
-
-
To facilitate trade and protect mutal interests
-
-
-
-
An agreement to put an end to the wars on Lombardy.
-
First true movable type.
-
-
The advancement of territorial state during his reign.
-
Lorenzo the Magnificent was the most enthusiastic and patron of the Italian Renaissance where he also held a lot of power.
-
This was one of the first handheld printings relating to the literature of the 15th century.
-
One of the northern artists of this later period. He wrote treatises on the laws of perspective and Renaissance theories of religion.
-
Challenged the geocentric view on the universe. He presented readers with a heliocentric view.
-
-
-
The philosophical book demonstrating what the ideal courtier should be. He further explains that a prince should be feared than loved.
-
More's religious beliefs and devotion in the Catholic church led to the end of his life as the Church had not allowed for the divorce of King Henry III.
-
-
-
This led to commercial trading posts while ending trade with Asia ad commerce shifted to the Atlantic.
-
First lady of Renaissance was Isabella D'este. She was an art patron who collected works
-
One of the individuals who stood in the stage center of the Counter-reformation. He had similarly endured challenges in religion as Luther had, but he offered his will to God and created the Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits.
-
-
Charles VII had led the invasion of France by Italy with an army of 30 occupied kingdoms on Naples.
-
-
Occurring in the late 15th century to help propel Spin into the spotlight of the European Exploration. Age of Discovery was more than just the search for gold, silver, and spices. Consequences included European disease.
-
Western European state economies experienced an uprise and high demand for sales and prices. This was due to the demand for gold and silver from the New World.
-
This began as the center development of territorial gain.
-
-
An economic system to produce more economies. Their desire was to earn profits. As commercial capitalism expanded wealth and power of bourgeoise did (middle class).
-
-
-
King Henry III had initiated the Protestant Reformation as he had wanted to divorce his first with Catherine of Aragon, but when the Catholic church rejected the divorce he had broken off from the church to be the head if the Chruch of England.
-
Calvin had gained influenced by Martin Luther. The religious crisis he endured laid the foundations for his books that disseminated protestant relgious ideas.
-
Also known as the national diet, the peasantry was "reduced" to serfdom.
-
Written by Erasmus as it was "a little diversion from his serious work. Erasmus belittles the monks in humor.
-
The French defeat the Spanish established by the Medici.
-
This famous book was a treatise on political power.
-
Erasmus believed Latin standard edition of the Bible, with a new Latin translation.
-
The publication by More led to an incredible dispute of controversy. "This masterpiece is an account of the idealistic life and institutions of the community of Utopia."
-
Pope Leo X had issued indulgences to finance St. Peter's Basilica.
-
Nailed to the Wuttensburg Castle Church. The Ninety-Five Thesis was an everlasting descriptive list of the challenges held within the church.
-
-
This was Luther's greatest challenge. As the peasants revolted against state officials for more power, Luther did not subside with the revolt but did condemn the overall idea of revolting
-
Called upon by Charles V, this had declared the Edict of worms issuing Luther as an outlaw and excommunicated by the church.
-
"This was to attempt to prevent Charles from concentrating on the Lutheran problem in Germany."
-
-
Zwingli's reform movement began to face serious political issues. In an attempt to stop Habsburg forces, he created Angelican cities while partnering with HRE and Luther.
-
Charles was ready to deal with HRE, yet politics was not in his favor
-
-
Parliament had officially broken away from the Church of England. This meant that the king/ English monarch now controlled the matters of doctrine.
-
The council had reacted against the Protestants and reaffirmed traditional beliefs.
-
Violence from the forces between Emperor Charles V and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic Wars.
-
Mary was Henry VIII's daughter who intended to restore Catholicism in England. Her passion and rage led to the burning of individuals who disagreed with her.
-
Gave each German prince to dictate the religion of faith.
-
Goals to primarily consolidate lands that belonged to father. He was combative and aggressive while advocating Catholicism. He had inherited government structure allowing him to expand Spanish royal authority.
-
King Henry VII and Anne Boyeln's daughter (Boyeln was behead). Her religious policy centered compromise as Mary's legislation was repelled.
-
-
The French Wars of Religion were of the first wars to be primarily fought for religious purposes. The French kings had tried to stop and end the Huguenots (French Calvinists). It had also occurred due to French Monarchial power.
-
Formulate laws of motion. One of the first to use the telescope.
-
Three Laws of Planetary Motion:
- planets revolve around the sun in ellipses
- planets orbit more rapidly near the sun
- time for planet orbits and proportionate to distance from the sun. -
The massacre of Huguenots while Calvinists and Catholic parties restored relations-following Charles IX's marriage.
-
Created in an attempt to restore Huegenot religion, were ultra- Catholics vowed to eliminate heresy.
-
Granted Huguenots the limited freedom to worship in designated areas.
-
The Commonwealth abolished the monarchy. in 1653 he took the title, Lord Protector. He also crushed royalists and replaced Catholic landowners.
-
Believed in the Divine Right of Kings that authority came directly from God. "The True Law f Free Monarchies" where he stated that kings are even called gods by God himself.
-
One of the "safest, soundest banks of Europe" due to trade route shifts of the Atlantic.
-
The Bohemian Phase (1618-1625): began as a religious civil war between Catholics and Protestants.
The Danish Phase (1625-1629): Dutch and English intervened to support Protestants.
The Sweden Phase (1630-1635): Gustavus Adolphus wanted cohesive army with weaponry to create brilliant military strategies to prevents Habsburgs from uniting the German States.
The French Phase (1635-1648): France intervened while being on protestant side to destroy German commerce. -
Like his father (James I) he believed in the divine right of kings. He opposed Puritans and supported the Anglican church. His Petition of Right in 1628 was an agreement by Charles I to return grants for money. He had recalled Parliament into session upon a constitutional and religious crisis.
-
- "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" argue mind was blank state as of birth
-
Led by Oliver Cromwell to defeat Calivers (aristocrats, nobles and church officials who were loyal to king), Roundheads (Puritans, townspeople and mid-class businessmen), and execute Charles I.
-
The Law of Gravitation published the "Principia," concise formula of celestial and terrestrial motion.
-
"I Am the State." He was arguably the most powerful French. He continued to reduce French nobility political power. He understood art as a form of propaganda leading the Versailles Palace to show France's political dominance, power and show the King's absolute power.
-
Rulers were allowed to decide religious faith in their territory.
-
The act barred Dutch ships from trade between others and England.
-
Peter vowed to transform Russia into great power through Westernization. He built the St. Petersburg Basilica to symbolize his power and new Russian society. He also exploited the serfs and placed a beard tax amongst individuals.
-
This was King Louis' goal of having "one king, one law, one faith." He was supported by the French Catholic clergy and Jesuits to order all children baptized as Catholics. Frederick the Gret later benefited.
-
He antagonized Whigs and Tories with policies while appointing Catholics to positions of power.
-
In 1689 Parliament Required the two to pass the Bill of Rights. The Glorious Revolution was in favor of William and Mary.
-
His view was to limit abuses of royal absolutism. Concluded to the ideal government of separated powers amongst executive, legislative and judicial branches.
-
Championed religious tolerance. Directed his stinging barbs at the intolerance of Christianity, both protestant and Catholic.
-
This proved to be a costly struggle in an attempt to strengthen the power of Louis. Nations of Europe combined forces to from Grand Alliance.
-
-Presented ideas of education in the novel "Emile."
-Key Principles of Natural Edu:
a. Children are entitled to edu.
b. education must be individualized
c. children should be encouraged to draw their own conclusions from experience, "discovery learning"
-committed to defending individual freedom
-changing existing social order
he distrusted reason and science and listened to emotion and spontaneous feeling -
Created a new balance of power. Spanish Netherlands became the Austrian Netherlands. The Elector of Brandenburg was recognized as King of Prussia.
-
Sentenced by Charles VI of HRE to ensure Habsburg hereditary possessions through a force of law.
-
He was a strong advocate of Laissez-Faire Economics. He combined ideas into applications of natural law. His book "The Wealth of Nations" is a landmark book that gave birth to classical economic thought. This book stated governments must not interfere with functioning of market. In a free market, self- regulated economic systems are apparent. "Self- interest drives actions."