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Early Dynastic of Egypt is an era right after the unification of upper and lower Egypt. The capital moved from Thinis to Mephis with an Egyptian ruler, or "god-king"
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The Old Kingdom is a period of time where Egypt obtained its first peak of civilization. The capital that was named Mephis was renamed Ineb-Hedg. At this point in time there were significant advancement in architecture, as well the effects on Egyptian society, and economics.
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The First Intermediate Period of Egypt, or "dark period", was a time where there was conflict between upper, and lower Egypt. There stands very little evidence from this time period, probably attributed by the political conflict
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The Middle Kingdom of Egypt, or "Reunification Period" is the period stretching from 2050-1800 BC, was a time where Egypt was reunified, and an establishment of Osiris a religion.
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The Second Intermediate period marks a time where Egypt fell into conflict between the middle kingdom, and the start of the new kingdom.
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The New Kingdom of Egypt, also referred as "Egyptian Empire" was followed by the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded, This Period is also referred ans Egypt's Peak of Power
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The Third Intermediate Period started with the death of Pharaoh Ramesses XI, ending the New Kingdom(power was slipping away), and was eventually followed by the late period.
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The Later Period refers to the last years of native Egyptian rulers after the Third Intermediate Period