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The Printing Press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, sped up the process of making books. It changed the time in which books were made, the language, and the price they cost. It also led to faster communication and an increase in literacy. -
The Caravel is a smaller boat that was used a lot in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Since it was smaller it allowed sailors to navigate through storms and go a lot more places, this allowed countries to advance their navies. -
Rounding the tip of South Africa or the cape of good hope was not only very difficult but it was a huge step forward for the Portugesse in reaching the spice islands. This also proved that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans flowed into each other making them able to reach the spice islands. Reaching the spice islands would make Portugal millions of dollars, this is why it was so important for them to get there by boat. -
The Columbian Exchange started after Columbus reached the Americas. It brought the Eastern and Western Hemispheres back together resulting in a swap of animals, plants, germs, people, and culture. It led to population growth in Europe and colonization in the Americas. -
Columbus, trying to find a direct water route to Asia, stumbled upon the Americas. This led to colonization in the Americas and to the Columbian Exchange. It was super significant because people did not know there was more land West and it proved it. It also is significant because this is where we live today. -
The Treaty of Tordesillas, made by the Pope, divided the globe into half giving half to Spain and half to Portugal. The line that declared this was the Line of Demarcation. It later led to Spain questioning it and thinking they "owned" the whole world. -
When Vasco de Gama reached Calicut India, it was a huge step forward for Portugal. Calicut India also known as the Spice Islands which was a big source of money. All countries benefited from the spice islands if they could find the source. When Portugal was the first to find it, it resulted in a large money source for them and they made a lot of money from it. -
Cabral, originally trying to go to India, went off course and accidentally came upon Brazil. It led to Portugal colonizing there and a trading source to get new resources. -
After Luther got stuck in a storm praying he promised to God that he would dedicate his life to the Church. This resulted in Luther studying the Bible and teaching it to others. Luther found problems in the way the Church was structured, as a result, he created what is called the 95 Theses.
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The 95 Theses which Martin Luther created was a list of propositions that he put on the door of the church so that everyone could see it. It ultimately led to the Protestant Reformation. It also changed the Protestant Church for ever. -
The Diet of Worms was a Historical assembly arranged by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. One of the most significant assemblies was between Martin Luther and the authorities of the Roman Catholic Church. This later led to the plan to kidnap Luther. Luther found out and went into hiding for many years. -
In 1519 Magellan set sail to be the first person ever to circumnavigate the globe. While he did achieve this later on his trip he got killed in the Philipines. One of his sailors successfully led the remaining ships back to Spain. -
Henry VIII wanted to remarry so that he could have a boy, in order to do so he had to break away from the Catholic Church. This led him to convert to Anglican and the whole country of England. This later caused the religion of England to change after each ruler. -
The Council of Trent was an assembly of the Roman Catholic Church that defended and elaborated on Catholic doctrine. It was significant because this later resulted in the Catholic Reformation.
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Mary Tudor, also known as Mary I or Bloody Mary, reigned from 1553 to 1558. Her reign resulted in the persecution of Protestants, the restoration of Catholicism, and the death of Thomas Crammer.
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The Peace of Augsburg brought religious stability to the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace allowed the state princes to select Lutheranism or Catholicism as their religion. It ultimately was the religious resolution to a conflict started by Martin Luther and his 95 Theses.
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Thomas Crammer died on March 21, 1556, because of Mary Tudor. Mary I was still upset about her parents getting a divorce and so she took it out on Crammer because he caused it. This is how Mary I got her nickname, Bloody Mary, killing Crammer and then other Protestants. -
Queen Elizabeth I reigned from 1558 to 1603 after Mary I. During her reign, she defeated the Spanish Armada and she switched back to the Protestant Church after Mary I had changed it to Catholicism. This led to England becoming a world power.
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The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a series of events or killings. Starting on August 24, 1562, Catholics started killing Huguenots and it lasted for over two months. It resulted in 5,000 to 25,000 deaths. -
Sir Francis Drake was the second person to circumnavigate the world after Magellan. Sponsored by Elizabeth I his original purpose was to raid the Spanish ships and ports. After circumnavigating the globe it increased his knowledge of geography.
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The Spanish Armada Set Sail in 1588. While there were many goals in the Armada, the two main ones were to invade England and to Restore Catholicism. The Spanish Armada led to the decline in Spanish wealth and the strengthening of English power. -
The Edict of Nantes, issued by King Henry IV, aimed to bring an end to religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in France. This was another step towards centralization in the fifteen hundreds. It later led to it getting revoked by King Louis XIV. -
The Dutch East India Company was a very rich and strong trading group. It was super successful unlike Portugal because they did not force people to switch religions to trade. The Dutch East India Company led to them bringing spices into Europe expanding their company and making it richer.
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The main thing that caused the 30 Years' War was religion. It was a war between Roman Catholics and Protestants fought in Germany. The 30 Years War led to the Peace of Westphalia. The Peace of Westphalia officially ended the war.
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The Petition of Rights was a petition that stopped prerogative courts and stated that you must get taxes approved by Parliament. Charles I who originally approved it, later realized that it was holding back the power that he had. The Petition of Rights caused a civil war between Parliament and Charles because he did not follow it. -
After the Civil War Parliament won with their military genius, Oliver Cronwell. Cronwell wanted Charles to be beheaded because he caused so many problems before like the Civil War. The execution of Charles led to a commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell abolished the House of Lords and converted England to Calvinism. -
The reign of Louis XIV was the best example of absolutism. Louis was also known as The Sun King, meaning that everything revolved around him. He spent tons of money building the Palace of Versailles. His reign led the country of France bankrupt because he spent too much money on himself and building a two to three-billion dollar Palace.
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When the Peace of Westphalia was signed it officially ended the 30-Year War. It divided the Holy Roman Empire into 300 different independent states and gave the states the right to choose their own religion. It was significant because it not only ended the 30-year war but created a balance of power in the Holy Roman Empire. -
The Restoration or restoring the monarchy happened after Oliver Cronwell died. Parliament asked Charles II, Charles I's son, to take over and rule. This led to a return in monarchy and the religion of Anglican came back. This was significant because Parliament realized that a monarchy was best for the country of England. -
The Glorious Revolution was the overthrow of James II. It is called "Glorious" because no one was killed during it. James fled to France without much resistance and as a result, William and Mary took the throne. The reason they wanted to overthrow James was because he was Catholic and they did not want him to cause problems in England.