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"Landscape with Indian"
"Landscape with Indian" was painted by Thomas Cole in 1826. -
Indians can no longer remain in Florida
Law was passed making it unlawful for any Indian to remain within the boundaries of the state of Florida. -
"Eight Potawatomi Natives"
"Eight Potawatomi Natives" was painted by George Winter in 1837. -
Potawatomi Trail of Death Begins
The Potawatomi Trail of Death was the forced removal of 859 members of the Potawatomi nation from Indiana to reservation lands in what is now eastern Kansas in 1838. -
California Gold Rush Begins
James Marshall discovers gold near Sutter's Fort, California. News of the find begins the California Gold Rush of 1849. -
Indenture Act Passed in California
The California legislature passed an Indenture Act which established a form of legal slavery for the native peoples of the state by allowing whites to declare them vagrant and auction off their services for up to four months. The law also permitted whites to indenture Indian children, with the permission of a parent or friend, which led to widespread kidnapping of Indian children, who were then sold as "apprentices." -
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Buffalo Extermination
Extermination of buffalo herds by sports and hide hunters severely limits Plains Indians food supply and ability to survive. -
Homestead Act Passed
Congress passes the Homestead Act making western lands belonging to many Indian Nations available to non-Indian American settlers. This marked the beginning of mass migrations to Indian lands for non-Indian settlement. -
Indian Appropriation Act
This Congressional Act specified that no tribe thereafter would be recognized as an independent nation with which the federal government could make a treaty. -
Sitting Bull Escapes
Sitting Bull escapes to Canada with about 300 followers -
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Buffalo Gone
Buffalo have disappeared and Lakota now live on handouts from the Federal Government. -
Major Crimes Act Passed
This Congressional Act gave federal courts jurisdiction over Indians accused of rape, manslaughter, murder, assault with intent to kill, arson, or larceny against another Indian on a reservation. -
"The Indian and the Lily"
"The Indian and the Lily" was painted by George de Forest Brush in 1887. -
The Frontier "Closed"
By 1890, historian Frederick Jackson Turner declared that the western frontier had disappeared. Despite the closing of the frontier, American interest in territorial expansion and the belief in Manifest Destiny did not disappear; it simply changed.
