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Scott v. Sanford
In Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court. Finally, the Court declared that the rights of slave owners were constitutionally protected by the Fifth Amendment because slaves were categorized as property.
Lived in the north, was going to pay out his freedom, if let go owner was deprived of his property. -
Reconstruction (1865-1877)
13th- NO slavery
14th- granted citizenship to all slaves
15th- Slaves can vote -
Jim Crow Era (1877-1960s)
Jim Crow law, in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1960s
-Schools
-Drinking Fountains
-Bathrooms
-Restaurants
-Busses
-Children’s activities (playing) may not be integrated -
Plessy v. Ferguson
Supreme Court declared Jim Crow segregation legal in Plessy v. Ferguson decision. The Court ruled that “separate but equal” accommodations African Americans were permitted under the Constitution.
Homer Plessy sits in a white area of a train, refuses to move. Gets arrested.
Good reason?
Yes good reason, segregation is allowed as long as it leads to equal accommodation -
19th Amendment
Allows women to vote -
Scottsboro Boys (1931-1937)
9 boys were wrongfully convicted of a crime and were put in jail. They were not given fair rights (unfair jury, no attorney, no witnesses). -
George Stinney
George Stinney a 12 year old was put to death for a crime he did not do. His rights violated were (no attorney, trial by jury, cruel punishment, no witnesses, etc.) -
Brown v. Board
Segregated schools lead children to feel inferior
Because those children feel inferior, it affects their motivation to learn -
James Meredith enrolls in Ole Miss University
The first black man enrolled at ole miss. He was denied entry at first then the government escorted him inside and made him a student. Riots broke out when the government came to help him enroll resulted in many deaths. -
Civil Rights Act
The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, age, religion, gender, or disability. -When states discriminate, federal government cuts funding -
Voting Rights Act
It outlawed the discriminatory voting practices adopted in many southern states after the Civil War, including literacy tests as a prerequisite to voting. The states did this to prevent former slaves and black people from voting. Makes all things (poll taxes, grandfather clause, literacy tests)
*Before a state can change its voting laws, it must be okayed by the federal government -
Civil Rights Act
expanded on previous acts and prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and since 1974, sex. -
California v. Bakke (1978) & Gratz v. Bollinger (2003)
White person sues because he got rejected. He thinks minorities are preferred. University gets to hold up Affirmative Action. -
Meredith v. Jefferson Co Board (Louisville school integration)
Louisville tried to desegregate their schools by allowing a certain number of each student (by race) to be enrolled in the school. -
Shelby County v. Holder
elimination of preclearance enforcement