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The Council of Chalcedon, the forth Ecumenical Council held at Chalcedon city of Bithynia in Asia Minor. The purpose was to assert the orthodox Catholic doctrine against the heresy of Eutyches and the Monophysites.
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The East-west Schism is also known as the Great schism of 1054. This was the separation of the communion between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches. The main cause of the Schism were disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority.
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The plague or black death was one of the worse pandemic in human history it killed an estimated 75 to 200 million people. At these horrific times people turned to the churches and indulgences were sold. Today there are cures for the black death and they are Streptomycin and Tetracycline.
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The 95 theses was a disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially nepotism, simony, usury, pluralism, and the sale of indulgences. It is also regarded as the catalyst for the protestant reformation.
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The Council of Trent was held in Trent and Bologna, northern Italy and is one of the most important ecumenical councils. The primary purpose of the council was to condemn and refute the beliefs of the Protestants, such as Martin Luther and John Calvin, and also to make the set of beliefs in Catholicism even clearer.
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The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, at the imperial city of Augsburg, Germany. It is basically the legalization of Catholicism and Lutheranism in the country of Germany.
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The first Vatican Council was the 20th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convoked by Pope Pius IX to deal with contemporary problems, such as the rising influence of rationalism, liberalism, materialism and inspiration of Scripture.
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The Second Vatican Council was convoked by Pope John XXIII and addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. The purposes were the renewal or aggiornamento of the Catholic Church and Christian reunion.
