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French Revolution
French Revolution, also called Revolution of 1789 was a revolutionary movement that shook France between 1789 and 1799. Indicating the end of the ancien régime, France had become a republic. Soon after, Napoleon had been elected as the First Consul ending the revolution. The French Revolution had influenced the rest of Europe to start revolutions against unwanted rulers or governments. -
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The National Convention
The National Convention was an assembly that governed France during the most critical period of the French Revolution. The National Convention was elected to provide a new constitution for the country after the overthrow of the monarchy. The King was found guilty of trying to overthrow the convention with the emigres. The convention sentenced him to death. Among its early acts were the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of the republic . -
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Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror took place not only to take care of domestic and foreign threats but to also save the ideas of revolution. The National Convention took drastic actions like creating the Committee of Public Saftey to wage war against nations or people that are considered an enemy of France. People were sentenced to the Guillotine at home, and France was preparing the nation for war which proved victorious on the field. The Reign of Terror ended with the arrest and death of Robespierre. -
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Napoleon's Rule
General Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew the Directory of France and came into power as leader of the Consulate. He established the Napoleonic Code and made many reforms. His conquerings brought the spread of the ideas of the French Revolution. The only two nations that he could not bring down were England and Russia. After his failed attempt to take over Russia, Napoleon retreated to France. He was the defeated by bordering countries bringing him to exile. -
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Congress of Vienna
The Congress of Vienna was a meeting to establish territory and power. It was guided by two principles, legitimacy and balance of power. The goal was to establish a new balance of power in Europe which would prevent imperialism within Europe, such as the Napoleonic empire, and maintain the peace between the great powers. -
July Revolution or Revolution of 1830
The Revolution of 1830, also known as the July Revolution, was a rebellion by liberals and revolutionaries against the French monarchy. The country had grown displeased with Charles X, who limited freedom of the press and concentrated power to the crown. Within three days in July, the capital fell to the revolutionaries, who wanted to establish a republic. The people forced the king out of France to England which resulted in a constitutional monarchy and King Charles X becoming king. -
Revolution of 1848
The Revolution of 1848 started with Francois Guizot cancelling a huge public banquet because he thought it would lead to disorder which made the people furious. The people poured into the streets shouting at the king. When troops marched the palace, Louis Philippe fled to England abdicating the throne. This revolution led to the 2nd Republic. -
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Second Republic
The Second Republic started after the Revolution of 1848. In response to turmoils, the government created national workshops that provided jobs for unemployed. To pay for workshops the government imposed very heavy taxes.
The people were furious. Then the National Assembly abolished the national workshops but brought the idea of universal male suffrage which allows all men the right to vote. The Second Republic ended with the election of Louis Napoleon. -
Italy Reunification
The Italian Unification started with the conquering of Rome and the rebellions up north. To unify Italy, Sardinia trades protection for two territories with France. To gain more land up north, France and Sardinia attack Austria resulting in the gaining of land. To reunify Italy, Cavour sends Giuseppe Garibaldi to the boot of Italy. He conquers city by city and gave all the land back to Sardinia. Italy then frees Rome from France and surrounding areas making Italy whole. -
German Unification
The German Unification started under Prussian rule. With Austria as an ally, both countries won battles against Denmark for land. With Austria weak, the Germans attack Austria gaining Holstein ending German Confederation. After the successful battle with France for Spanish rule, the southern German states join Northern Confederation and persuaded William I to become emperor of Germany.