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Fostered political, religious, and social growth.
- Created one community for all believers, not just Arabs
- Take much land from Persia and follow Persian style of governance and golden age of art and literature
- Ended in 1258 when Mongols sacked Bagdad
- Jizya tax to those who were not Muslim although they were religiously tolerant
- Seljuk Turks take over and rule over Caliphate as figures
- Golden Age: creation of Islamic culture and sciences
- Great Library of Bagdad — spread & translation -
The Song Dynasty followed Golden Age of the Tang Dynasty.
- Canals, wood printing, gunpowder, cash, iron
- Doubled in population bc of champa rice from Vietnam — far more stable — move from wheat to rice and tea
- Development of urbanization and movement to cities
- Expansion of imperial administration and bureaucracy based on merit — stability from less reliance on charismatic emperor and new scholar class— Civil Service Exam
- Confucianism: foot binding and women lose power
- Mandate of Heaven -
Medieval Europe with rise in Medieval Church.
- Growing population and economic revival
- Established national monarchies and some city-states (Italian Coast)
- Political organization emerge in feudalism with trading towns
- Greater globalization and literacy
- Church act as overarching institution with influence on every aspect of life
- Struggle against Papacy and Monarchs
- Medieval monarchies gain control over land and army
- Church use crusades to leverage power over monarchs -
Call from Church to gain more power in Europe and create sense of overarching importance.
- Muslims grow in power
- Want to take back Jerusalem
- Try to go into Egypt but Muslim leaders became intolerant to Christianity
- No effects on Islamic world but expose Europe to Golden Ages -
Prosperous city states along East African Coast from Indian Ocean Trade.
- Control of gold coming from Great Zimbabwe
- Middle Men for Indian Ocean trade with inland Africans
- Class stratified with few wealthy elite
- Ibn Battuta Islamic influence -
Song Dynasty lost land to Northern nomadic tribes. China believed to be the Middle Kingdom and nomadic below the Chinese.
- Tribute System: allow trade if given gifts
- Xiongnu: Militarily more advanced and overcome tribute system
- Modest impact on nomadic people -
Islamic rule over North India.
- Less conversion to Islam as Hinduism very different and already stable
- Instances of Hindu temples being destroyed -
Based on nomadic warrior people unified by Genghis Khan.
- Relied on conquering for food but also picked up culture
- China: Yuan dynasty unify China and introduced global communication; social stratification and ignore Chinese traditions
- Persia: Ferocity but remained the most unchanged; converted to Islam and adopted Persian bureaucracy and ways
- Russia: Little to take — tribute system with little cultural impact; trading post; caused late modernity
- Encourage trade and spread of cultures -
Rise of Mali Empire
- New trading centers: Gao & Timbuktu for salt, copper, and gold
- Blend and growth of Islam — welcome merchants, allowing for accumulation of wealth
- Mansa Musa's Hajj and display of wealth -
Imperial state taken over by Turk slave-soliders.
Defended against Europeans during crusades and against Mongols. -
Gunpowder Islamic state in Western Asia and Europe.
- Expanded into Roman Empire after taking over Constantinople
- Devishrim: educate children who weren't Muslim and have them join admin
- Sunni Islam and conflict with Safavid Empire
- Millet system for Christians and Jews
- Indirect rule through client kinds and elites -
Time of drop in temperatures across Europe after a period of warming.
- Population decline from crops dying
- Time of Dark Ages with combined Black Death -
Recorded his travels all across Euro-Asia. Spread knowledge about the world across the Islamic World.
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Mongol spread Black Death to Europe, wiping a third of the population.
- Lost trust in Church
- Anti-semetism rose as Jews were blamed for the spread of the Black Death -
Bringing back classical art and architecture with Christian religious themes.
- Interest in Greco-Roman philosophy
- Age of Discovery and Reformation: new scientific models
- emphasis on individuals relationship with God
- Lead to Enlightenment View of World Affairs -
Following the Yuan Dynasty, sought to restore traditional Chinese culture.
- Built the Great Wall of China in fear of nomadic North
- Bring back Civil Service Exam
- Projection of Chinese power on Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
- Zheng He's explorations to extend Chinese influence
- Forbidden city — showed wealth in architecture and distinction between class
- Fall: Rising population and unable to govern with decline in infustructor -
Persian empire taken by nomadic Mongols.
- Brutal conquering but aspired to be large empire
- Kept most of Persian way of life constant -
Slaves were needed for forced labor on large plantation cash crop farms.
- Brought culture either that separated from their new colonies or merged with them
- Changed life in Africa — women have more power with men being taken -
European countries find new trade routes to Asia to avoid Middle Eastern middle men.
- Create Trading Post Empires
- Discover the Americas and began colonzation
- New cash crops
- Globalization -
Prince Henry commissioned exploration of Africa and Canary Islands. The Iberian Pensiula did not want to trade through Muslim middle men and sought another route to the Indian Ocean Trade.
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Empire of conquest based on Triple Alliance and tribute system.
- Chinampas: floating gardens that allowed them to adapt on their water city
- Used mythology and claimed to be descendants
- Social Stratification which was limited
- Semi-divine emperor who led military campaigns and religious rituals -
Largest pre-colonization Empire along the Andes in Chile.
- Large temples for religious rituals
- Theocratic monarchy believed to be descended by the Sun God
- Complex taxing and administrative — labor tax or goods
- Road System
- Hierarchical Structure- Quecha as official language and quipus as knotted cords of accounting
- Let conquered keep their traditions and forcibly transport local elites -
Trading center with control of Trans-Saharan trade.
- Centered around Gao and along Niger Ricer
- Islam prevalent with upper class
- Federation rather than centralized states but still with absolute monarchy -
Christian Kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula warring against Islamic states.
- Took back Spain from Muslims
- Crusades came along with this
- Isabelle and Ferdinand stay dominant -
Christopher Coloumbus gets the go and money from Spanish Isabelle and Ferdinand to explore Westward.
- Found Cuba and Puerto Rico and then more of Central and South America
- Traveled to set up missionaries, economic growth, rivalries with other European countries, and knowledge about martime
- New Tech: Caravels, compass, lateen sail -
Vasco De Gama followed previous Portugese routes along Cape of Good Hope and kept going along the coast. He soon found routes to India. This was the start of Portugese Trading Post Empire in India.
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Blend between Hinduism and Islam found in Punjab.
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Explorations across the coast of Africa led to finding routes to Calicut, India.
- Destroyed Swahili Coast and Malaccan
- Only had military technology without anything to trade directly
- Tried to control the trade by engaging in piracy and sold cartaz (safe passes to Asian markets)
- Established fortified strongholds on coast cities
- Did not have big impact on established Muslim traders
- Land trade routes left untouched -
Shia Islamic Gunpowder Empire in Persia/Iran.
- Forced Shia conversion
Govern through Turkic warrior chiefs
- Turned to Persian imperial legacy to give legitimacy
- Armenian and Georgian slaves — lost identity and just became salves
- Extensive building program to establish wealth and legitimacy -
After the Great Dying, Spanish needed labor for sugar plantations.
- Labor intensive work
- Sugar in high demand
- Became integrated into the culture of Spanish colonies and diverse mixed races -
Martin Luther began a wave of dislike to the Catholic Church after instances of corruption and indulgences.
- Published the 95 theses criticizing the Church which were able to be quickly spread using the printing press
- Bible is the only source of knowledge
- Split of Church which began wars and persecution in different countries
- Catholicism Counter-Reformation: support Catholic rulers, Holy Inquisition to kill heretics and spy on people -
Hernan Cortez conquered Aztec Empire.
- Brought diseases that they could not combat
- Convert Aztecs with fierce conversion
- Better military weapons and firearms
- Create Spanish colonies with diverse and mixed populations
- Encomienda System: Forced native people to work on the land — found atrocities and Spain seen as bad
- Hacienda System: "waged" labor but still coerced and slave
- Casta Paintings: Show life for Spaniards at home — elite version
- Great Dying: 90% died — bring slaves -
Overtook Delhi Sultanate and established Islamic rule.
- Akbar: administration and tax collection separate from military to prevent feudalism; religiously tolerant and culturally welcoming
- Aurangzeb: return to religious persecution; destroy Hindu temples, attempt the convert to Islam
- Mausoleums: Islamic tombs; Taj Mahal -
Francisco Pizzaro conquered the Inca Empire.
- Tried to convert the King but he refused; they killed him
- Internal Civil War
- Brining of disease -
Spanish gained much silver and this mine had 60% of the worlds silver in circulation.
- Wealth to acquire Asian goods — silver end up in China
- Large coerced and low wage working of indigenous people and slaves -
Manlia had long-term with Chinese.
- Spanish feared Chinese dominance and massacred Chinese merchants
- Mixing pot of Spanish, Asian, and Malay culture
- Point of globalization and meeting point for all sides of trade
- Foster diversity and spread of Christianity
- Women religious leaders displaced by priests -
English and Dutch displace Portugese trading post control in India and Indonesia.
- Indonesia: civilizing mission
- enslaved and destroyed lands in mass murders
- Dutch and China co-colonized Taiwan
- Cotton and textile in India cause previous craft to be lost -
Japanese Edo Period
- isolated from foreign trade
- Feudalism with daimyo lord class and samurai warrior class; used for taxation and maintaining centralization
- Buddhist and Confucius ideals
- Arts and handcrafts flourished and economic prosperity -
Manchu Dynasty that maintained Confucianism and land expansion.
- Opium Wars: British bring opium and when banned, they forced treaties onto China; also bringing Christian missionaries
- Taiping Rebellion (1850): Rebellion against foreign Manchu rule from religious Hakka Chinese. Plans were religious (Christian) political and nationalistic.
- Boxer's Rebellion: Anti-foreign and anti-western movement -
Constructed during Louis XIV and used to display the wealth and legitimacy of the French monarchy. Used to show status and gain public awe.
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Hindu Empire invaded by the Mughals and brought an end to the gunpowder kingdom.
- Rise of self-ruling Hindus
- Brought end of Mughal Empire -
Spanish vs Pueblo Indigenous people in now New Mexico
- Against Spanish imposing political, economic, and religious ways on life
- Successful Revolt lead to allow survival of Pueblo cultural traditions -
Russia in deep waters; famine, far from trade routes.
- Used taxes to gain power — military and fiscal admin
- Serfdom and peasants attached to the land -
Enlightenment ideals of state of nature and natural laws of social contract. Power of the state derived from the people and the people could overturn the government.
- Founded ideals on Liberalism
- State of Nature exist because of society and ability to keep others in check
- Protection of property; government protect property rights
- Wanted an oligarchy of some sort
- People could insigate a revloution if the goverment did not represent them -
New thought process that moved away from the classics from the Renaissance.
- Ideas about rights and ways of government
- Locke, Rousseau, Pain,
- Influence revolutions -
Jamaica fought British for freedom
- Africans who used guerrilla warfare to fight for their freedoms -
Enlightenment idea of splitting government into branches to avoid corruption.
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Time of modernization with factories, low-wage unskilled labor, and urbanization.
- Started in Britain bc commercialized and supply
- Heavy in Europe — government desperate for goods
- New middle class based on business people
- Terrible working conditions
- Rise of socialism and unions
- US: corporations easily emerge
- Latin America: Unstable and export raw materials and buy cheap textiles (take over local)
- Liberalism and Socialism -
Mass creation of new technology for communication, transport, and mass consumption.
- Cause urbanization and change in social structures
- New modes of transport and movement of people
- Change in concepts of time and communication -
Enlightenment writing based on idea that individuals should give up free will for general will of the society, which is represented in the government.
- Popular sovereignty
- Government has full authority over property and rights but once they fail to follow individual will, the people can rebel -
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals of Locke.
- Sought for representation from British parliament which soon turned into civic nationalism and the want for freedom
- Established democratic tendencies in the creation of their government
- Model for revolutions -
Written by Adam Smith, the father of capitalism.
- Invisibile Hand Theory
- Did not like government intervention
- Free market and corrective forces in the market -
Rebellion against Spanish rule in Puerto Rico.
- Inspired later resistance movements -
Convicts from Britian were moved to Australia.
- High mortality rates
- Many went back to England after -
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals of Rousseau and American Revolution.
- Time of famine and peasants were upset
- Lack of representation in Parliment
- Educated middle class mobilized lower and middle class against elites
- Greater female equality demanded (sense not really given)
- Creation of national/civic identity
- Napoleon conquests spread their influence -
Olympe de Gouges — a French aristocrat and playwright
- Argue for women's participation in public affairs
- Expose failures of the French Revolution
- Very hated -
Inspired by Enlightenment thinkers and French Revolution.
- Feelings of hypocrisy from French ruling class
- Freedom against slavery and racial inequality
- Only successful slave uprising
- Still left in shambles and economic turmoil -
Written by Mary Wollstonecraft
- Argue for women's education and appeal to Enlightenment ideals
- During French Revolution -
Seen as civilizing mission after displacing the Portugese traders
- Social Darwanism
- harsh and cruel -
Largest indegenious group in American that formed together.
- Pushed out during Indian Removal Act -
Inspired by Enlightenment ideals and about roles of government.
- Creoles lack political and economic power
- Internal geographical and cultural differences made it difficult for one country to form causing divisions and tensions
- Nativism difficult because mixed populations -
Written by Simon Boliver about the endeavors of Latin American revolutions.
- Calls on Europe to agree and see the disparities they have given
- Lack of Indigenous and Creoles representation in decisions
- One unified country would be difficult — geo and climate differences
- Racial and cultural tensions bc of natives and mixed races
- Minimizes struggled of others and emphasizes creoles struggle -
Idea of forceful socialism and overthrowing the government.
- Karl Marx: Father of socialism
- Society organized on how people relate to means of production -
Moved to American because of the Irish Famine.
- Faced religious discrimination both here and there for being Roman Catholics -
Ghana, Nigeria, Gambia all saw forced labor and extraction of resources.
- Palm oil and gold
- Policy of assimilation -
Used for source of raw materials and market for manufactured goods.
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Belgian Revolution from Dutch based on worker's unified identity
- Conflict in religion (Catholicism vs Protestant)
- Lack of representation and lack of freedom
- Industry owners go through economic strife due to some policies -
Poland against Russia after being forgotten and mistreated by Russia
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Movement of Indians to large plantation farms in the Caribbeans and Southeast Asia and Southern Africa
- Economic opportunities
- Blend cultures
- Southeast Asia: Merchants would follow monsoon patterns there
- Southern Africa: Brought on Dutch/British slave ships -
Forced opening of China by Britishers.
- Got Chinese citizens addicted to opium to have inelastic demand.
- Forced treaties onto China for free trade
- China struggled to industrialize because of this -
Colony of the UK
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Maori Indigenous people against British colonizers. Find common national identify against British
- Lots of violence and guerrilla warfare
- Lost and British took their land -
Joining of Italian city-states under idea of nationalistic presence.
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Revolt from Hakka Chinese against Qing dynasty.
- Fought with religious Christian ideologies over economic strife: famine, natural disaster, overtaxed
- Reject Confucianism -
Looking for financial opportunities from large sugar plantations.
- Establish Buddhist temples and Japanese schools -
Regiments of the army and idegeniours people rebel against British East India Company.
- In reaction, British Raj formed and took over the land.
- Appointed local officials and control local princes
- Built Railroads to benefit mercantalism
- Some rebellions formed, while Hindus/Muslims followed in joy to suppress the other's rule
- Elite class embrace liberalism -
Bank created to facilitate trade and commerce between Europe and Asia
- Showed globalization and new banking and economic technologies -
In hopes to not be colonized by foreign threats, the Japanese isolated and modernized.
- Restored emperor rule and got rid of samurai class
- Move from feudal to market economy; centralization of government
- Keep Japanese culture but also modernized in drastic way
- Increased education and skilled workers
- Used Western knowledge from few officials who traveled -
Italians fled to Argentina for economic reasons.
- Often work in different seasons and travel back and forth
- Some end of staying and live there -
Ottoman Bismark unify Germanic people and states based on ethnic and religious national identity
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Nationalist movement in the Philippines led by elite and mostly included mezitos and creoles who were educated.
- Inspired by Enlightenment ideals
- Wanted to be part of Spain
- Wasn't able to move masses and the Spanish didn't care to listen -
Take over for the Suez Canal, a strategic canal for trade for economic reasons.
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Leaders from European countries decided on how they would split up Africa.
- Claim to civilize Africa, get resources for mercantalism
- Africa struggled to economically compete because of forced dependency on Europe
- Few elites educated and criticized Europeans
- Decline of self-sufficient life -
European countries needed raw materials for industrialization so they looked towards Africa.
- Used Social Darwinism to justify their colonization
- Forces/Wage labor
- Caused masses of Migration as well -
Imposed French culture and forced labor.
- Colony for economic interests — natural resources and labor -
China versus Japan over influence in Korea.
- Showed Meji Restoration's successes in modernization
- Japan gained global dominance
- Europe saw as an opportunity to take advantage on China -
Movement and tensions that caused a push to overthrow Spanish rule.
- Lola Rodriquez de Tio — poet who encouraged protest
- Pressure from the United States to be free, but US make them dependent on the country -
Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Sudan all saw forced labor and extraction of resources.
- Centralized power and strong military presence.
- Forced Assimilation -
Peasants want to drive foreigners out of China.
- Attack Chinese Christians and Western missionaries -
Ashanti Empire in West Africa rebel against British colonization.
- Led by the Queen, women fight because the men wouldn't
- Go against traditional gender roles -
Russia in Machu area and conflict with Japan.
- Russia lost to Japan causing people in Russia to feel unrest, leading to revolution
- Proved success of Japanese modernization -
Changing old ways of power and establishment of a parliament.
- Suffered from foreign intervention and corruption -
Ottoman had become the Sick man of Europe, struggling to modernize and maintain power.
- Lost Territory during Balkan Wars from rise in nationalism
- Internal corruption and unrest
- Inability to modernize bc of treaties with England that did not protect domestic manufactures
- Young Turk Revolution lead to the creating of political parties in a democracy and the creation of Turkey -
Ended dictatorship in Mexico
- Called from unequal distribution of land and favoring the wealthy
- Socialism, liberalism, and agrarian movements -
With the rise of nationalism in Europe, Greece, Serbia, and Bulgaria broke off from the Ottoman Empire.
- Ottoman Empire lost most of its land -
Happened because of tensions and unrest between European countries.
- Nationalism barrier for Compromise
- Total war
- Collapse of Ottoman Empire
- Treaty of Versailles — leading to WW2
- Capitalism fails and Great Depression -
Young Turks during WW1 of systematic genocide against Armenians. (Ottoman Empire)
- Feared Armenians would revoult and break off, but there was truly no real action of this -
Two revolutions in Russia.
1) Protests from workers and soliders from working conditions and the rising ideas of socialism.
2) Radical fraction of Marxist Social Democrats
- began industrialization and want to prove establisment of soviet union
- Stalin: socialism that got rid of any chance of rebellion and total mobolization of resources and people
- Five year Plan: industrialized steel and machinery
- Cultural revolution with propoganda
- Urbanization and command economy -
Swept through American cities after WW1
- Began programs for better medicine -
End of WW1
- Collapse of Austria-Hungary and German monarchy
- Britain and France democracy & parliament
- Debt of all countries and economic collapse
- Collapse Ottaman Empire -
After WW1, markets in US collapsed. Countries were in debt and caused a global crash in the economy.
- Government intervention in almost every country
- Rise of facism in Italy and Germany
- Latin American countries began to industrialize -
High government intervention to modernize and protect manufacturers and workers.
- Government efforts to keep supply low and prices high
- Government economic planning -
During the Great Depression, FDR made efforts to invest government money and bureaucracy to bring the economy back.
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Soviet systematic famines un Ukraine.
- Against Ukrainian peasants who resisted Soviet Union policies of not being able to meet quotas
- Feared Ukrainian power of growth -
Anti-semetic time of mass genocide towards Jews, racial and religious minorities.
- Nuremberg Trials -
Japan invade Manchu
- Indicated WW2 start in Asia -
Defined by the rising facism for Italy, Germany, and Japan. Germany began to take land from its neighbors and European powers followed appeasement because they did not want a war.
- Germany felt their punishment was unfair for the war
- Nazism in Germany — Holocaust
- Propoganda and military expansion -
Nuclear weapon from Japan onto Hawaii.
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New technologies found during WW2 that brought devastating impacts on locals.
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Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France.
- Learned about Communism and set up communism in Vietnam
- Guerrilla warfare -
Indian elites with Western education.
- Ghandi: non-violent resistance against British; rejected modernization; inclusive vision for india
- Nehru: Western ideology and first minister
- Non-Alignment Movement -
United Kingdom drew lines between Pakistan and India
- Conflict between Hindus and Muslims and each wanted to rule their own country -
Tense fighting between US and Russia.
- anti-colonial ideology and led to decolonization pressure on European powers
- Space Race
- Proxy Wars to fight capitalism vs communism
- Divisions all across the world -
Carved out of Palestine by the UN while the rest of the Middle East did not agree with the partition.
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Move towards progressive human rights <3
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System still exists and is present
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Group of new developing countries who refused to take sides in the Cold War
- India, Yugoslavia
- African and Asian countries
- World peace -
Proxy war with USSR and US.
- Communist North supported by USSR and China and South supported by US.
- USSR and US decided to split Korea after WW2 -
Many from Pakistan and Punjab moved to Britian for work oppurtunites.
- Medical staff were recruited
- Manuel Labor -
Mao Ze Dong created the Five Year Plan for large scale industrialization.
- Great Leap Forward: move from agrarian economy to industrialized one; encouraged women's literacy and emplyment
- Cause famine and relied on peasants to modernize -
Proxy war from USSR and US.
- North Vietnam (communist) supported by USSR and South Vietnam supported by US
- Guerilla warfare and many people did not like it at home -
Rise of silicon valley in US, leading to technology developments and rise of globalization from technology.
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New technologies saw new crop production. So much more food to feed people.
- Irrigation, fertalizer, pesticides
- Food growth in Asia and Latin America -
Lots of apartheid and segregation. Apartheid was strengthed under rule of Dutch and British.
- Nelson Mandela lead against apartheid.
- Negotiation process and protests in prison -
National Liberation Front that consisted of guerrilla warfare
- Algerian nationalism
- Many Algerians given the chance to move to France (migration) -
Mau Mau Uprising that was violent and based from Kikuyu ethnic group.
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Modernization and urbanization in Iran to keep up with the rest of developing countries.
- Redistribute land from the wealthy
- Increase literacy in rural area
- Emancipation of women -
Nkrumah boycott Western goods
- Western elites
- Dream of African socialism -
Bbrought an end to the existing feudal system and made sure that the tenants right on the land came into action
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After United States backed a coup of the socialist government, Chile went into dictatorship.
- Human rights violations and suppression of speech
- reverse land reforms -
Khmer Rouge killed ethnic minorities and Chinese and Muslims and anyone different or considered "intellectual."
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Shining Path is a terrorist group that planned to overthrow the Peruvian government and replace them with radical Marxist ideas.
- Violence and Destruction -
The Berlin Wall signified the Iron Curtain between capitalism and communism and the Cold War tensions.
- The End showed the prosperity of capitalism compared to communism -
Happened due to internal falling. Mikhail Gorbachev made reforms to socialist policies that ended the Cold War.
- Move from socialism to capitalism
- Corruption and nepotism -
Hutu minorities killed Tutsi as they had often been more powerful in the area, but the Hutu had been favored by the UN.
- UN created the division between ethnic people on paper -
Trade agreement between North American countries.
- Showed growing trade and globalization -
Trade agreements between countries.
- Shows global impact of trade and globalization -
Al Qaeda terrorist group, an Islamic extremist group.