-
spain expels muslims and jews
horrible interrogations and torture
ends 1492 with catholic monarchs coming into power -
caused by frequent fighting
people left cities, settled elsewhere in cnetral america -
split christianity into roman catholic and eastern orthodox churches
-
series of attempts by holy roman empire to reconquer jerusalem from muslims
-
mongol (khublai khan) rule in china
-
gunpowder empire, sunni muslims, modern-day turkey
- founded by nomadic turks
- growth after conquering byzantine empire
- decline in 1500s ("sick man of europe")
- fall after wwi treaties -
major wave of bubonic plague in europe
-
major explorer for ming china
expanded china's political influence -
major success for ottoman empire
-
west african trading empire
fell from instability of being too big, gold mines attracted invaders -
spanish judicial institution to expel heretics
consolidated power in spain's monarchy
still terrible interrogation and torture -
europe invests in maritime exploration to find trade routes, get resources/cash crops, spread christianity inventions: caravel (small, exploration, portuguese), carrack (big, trading, portuguese), fluyt (big, trading, dutch), compass, astrolabe
volta do mar - portuguese figure out monsoons -
columbus lands in america or whatever
-
divided new world between spain and portugal
-
gunpowder empire, modern-day iran, shi'ite muslims
red hats -
start: martin luther writes 95 theses about catholic church being corrupt, starts protestantism and gives people more access to the bible
- calvinists: poor and very religious, believe in predetermination, founded by john calvin
- anglicans: rich/government, believed in divorce (henry viii)
end: peace of westphalia -
"new spain"
killed montezuma ii, spread smallpox
ruled by viceroys (report back to spain) -
gunpowder empire, modern-day india, muslim-ruled but big hindu and christian populations
known for religious tolerance
local rulers toppled government entirely -
"new castile"
took advantage of civil war and toppled atahualpa
ruled by viceroys (report back to spain) -
part of counter-reformation; catholic church tries to be less corrupt
- jesuits (catholic missionaries) -
japanese period of isolation
strong chinese influences: feudalism > daimyo, emperor, samurai -
france: port royal, canada
england: jamestown more independent than spain/portugal (companies vs gov. funded) -
catholics vs protestants
end: peace of westphalia (agreement that catholics and protestants have to get along) -
final dynasty in china, closed off to prevent "corruption" from other cultures
-
period of scientific, political, philosophical thought natural rights, age of reason, separation/division of powers, social contract, democracy john locke, voltaire, mary wollstonecraft, thomas hobbes, rousseau, montesquieu
-
revolt against king charles i raising taxes
calvinists (poor) vs anglicans (rich) end: queen mary & william of orange sign treaty to listen to parliament -
britain vs france over territory in ohio
britain wins -
started in england (manchester)
growth in population, lots of europeans move to united states rise of socialism -
america gains independence from britain after heavy taxing (britain needed money to pay off 7 years war debts) 1776 - signing of declaration of independence
- heavily influenced by enlightenment ideals (natural rights) -
poor french taxpayers (third estate) revolt against other two estates
- urban poor burn bastille (symbol of corruption) end: constitution is written, government changes
jacobins take over gov reign of terror (1793-1794): public executions to root out "traitors" -
influenced by french revolution
slaves inspired to revolt against french - first/only slave revolt resulting in a new state no plan to manage independence, still uses forced labor; still has corruption, poverty in modern era -
rises to power in france
pros: restored relations w/ catholic church, expanded french empire
cons: arrogant, took away women's rights
downfall: tried to conquer russia in winter, troops starve/freeze to death, napoleon exiled -
meetings to restore prior european monarchies after napoleon's downfall
rulers bound to constitution, have to follow laws -
mexico (1810), south america (1820s-1830s)
creole (upper class) vs peninsulares (first class) -
chinese addicted to opium imported from britain, gov tries to ban
britain goes to war with china and has better weapons
forces china to accept unfair treaties, britain has full control of chinese economy (open door policy) -
nations build global empires by colonizing nations they already know exist
controls ALL aspects of another country
social darwinism, white man's burden britain: india (flipped trade patterns), australia/new zealand
france: indochina (vietnam, thailand, cambodia, laos)
dutch: south africa (boers, afrikaans)
america: hawaii, interest in americas (monroe doctrine)
japan: china, korea -
russia attempts to expand into ottoman empire, opposed by britain/france
russia loses -
camillo di cavour, giuseppe garibaldi
previously just a region -
centuries after rest of europe
-
prime minister otto von bismarck
previously just a region -
japan modernizes and westernizes
people starve from taxes to fund railways, tech
fully emerged from seclusion, one of the major world powers -
aka partition of africa
global leaders meet to divide africa between them -
japan vs china over control of korea
japan attacks while china is weakened from opium wars, takes control of taiwan
opens china more to europe -
allies (france, britain, russia, italy, japan, united states) vs central powers (germany, austria-hungary, bulgaria, ottoman empire)
-
germany blamed for all war, has to pay massive war debt
-
takes over italian government by force
fascism -
goes beyond lenin's goals
farmers forced to collect money for state
5 year plans, rapid industrialization, people starve to death
people who disagree/support old socialism are sent to gulags -
-
huge worldwide economic downturn
allies cancel dawes plan (help germany) to focus on their own economies united states government funds public works to get economy going again -
hitler gains popularity in struggling germany
blames german suffering on jews, passes laws to limit jewish rights
nazi party/german police attack jewish shops -
after japan pulls out of league of nations
"rape of nanjing"; horrible war crimes by japan unto china -
the whole shebang
starts with blitzkrieg, germany invades poland, france
"the blitz" - german attempt to take britain
1941: german invasion of russia, japan attacks pearl harbor
1944: d-day - british and us invade french coast, major allied victory
1945: hitler & mussolini dead, germany surrenders, us bombs japan
1947: truman doctrine (limit communism), marshall plan (rebuilding communities in western europe)
1949: establishment of nato to defend from soviets holocaust -
tension between hindus and muslims
pakistan forms as a majority muslim nation -
aggression between united states and soviet union (capitalism vs communism) america goes to war whenever communist nations try to expand (truman doctrine)
- vietnam war, korean war, cuban missile crisis, afghan-soviet war -
-
americans see communists as a threat
people accused of socialism are fired, humiliated
1947-1957 -
genetic engineering, new crops, more pesticide/fertilizer
farming shifts away from small farmers to big companies -
vietnam gains independence, communist leader ho chi minh starts war for control
- communist north, democratic south -
start of aids epidemic in united states
-
previously south africa was segregated by race
nelson mandela: first black south african president after imperialism