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Moved from rule of man to rule of law
Outlined individual rights which king could not violate
Included taxation and trial provisions -
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Required monarchs to obtain Parliamentary approval before new taxes
Government could not unlawfully imprison people or establish military rule during times of peace -
Guaranteed free speech and protection from cruel and unusual punishment -
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British legislation aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies and at providing increased revenues to fund enlarged British Empire responsibilities following the French and Indian
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Stamp Act Congress met to protest the tax and it was repealed -
British soldiers fired into crowd
5 colonists died -
Revolutionaries dumped British Tea into the harbor -
Colonists were forced to “Quarter,” or house, British troops -
Likely drawn from Virginia Declaration of Rights and inspired by John Locke
Blamed the King for a variety of issues in the Colonies
Signed by the delegates to the Second Continental Congress on August 2, 1776. -
Delegates aimed to have a confederation in which colonies kept their “sovereignty, freedom, and independence.”
Ratification delayed by argument over who would control western lands
Small states refused to ratify until they granted the entire confederation control over the lands -
Farmers attacked courthouses to keep judges from foreclosing on farms
Stormed military arsenal -
Drafting a New Constitution -
Established a plan for settling the Northwest Territory
Included disputed lands
Created system for admitting states to the Union
Banned slavery in the territory
Guided nation’s western expansion -
Established a Three-tiered Judicial Structure
1. District courts
2. Circuit courts
3. Supreme Court -
Power of judicial review -
Maryland taxed the national bank
Court ruled bank was necessary and proper
Maryland couldn’t tax bank b/c it could weaken the national government
"The power to tax is the power to destroy." -
Right of a state legislature to award a monopoly to operate a steamship line between NY and NJ
Court said only Congress has the right to regulate commerce between states -
Dred Scott
Slave who sued for his and his family's freedom after being taken to a free state
Court said that Scott, as an African-American and previously property, was not a citizen
Gave him no legal standing to sue
Called the “greatest disaster” of the Supreme Court -
Granted large tracts of land to states; states sold land and used money for colleges -
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Ended Chinese immigration to the US -
First national woman's rights convention in the US
Called for equal rights in voting, education, and property -
Direct election of Senators -
gave Congress authority to set a federal income tax
Main source of US income -
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Both state and national governments were equal authorities operating within their own spheres of influence
Strict reading
National government only had powers listed in Constitution -
Ruled 2nd Amendment does not protect the right to have all types of weapons
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The Supreme Court ruled that a child could be expelled for refusing to salute the American flag or recite the pledge (these actions violated the child’s religious beliefs) -
FDR required all people of Japanese descent on the West Coast to report to "War Relocation Centers" (internment camps)
120,000 left their homes and businesses and 80,000 remained in camps until the war was over. -
The court reversed itself and decided unity was not a sufficient reason to overrule religious beliefs. -
Court ruled the public’s safety was more important than rights of Japanese Americans.
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Empowered the federal government to actively engage in voter registration in places where voting discrimination had been found
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States and national governments worked together to deal with the Great Depression
Many cases about FDR's New Deal reached the Supreme Court. -
187 African-American students gathered at the state capitol to protest racial injustice
Students did not end the protest when police told them to and were arrested.
Court said the state had no authority to disperse the students, as they were protesting legally. -
Established equal pay for men and women
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Outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. -
Banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, gender, or national origin in voting, employment, and public accommodations
Passed under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, so businesses had to follow the law as well -
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Protects applicants and employees of 40+ years old from discrimination based on age in hiring, promotion, discharge, compensation, privileges, etc. of employment. -
Segregation by order of law
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President must consult with Congress before sending troops
Congress can force the president to end use of military with a concurrent resolution -
prohibited banks, stores, and other businesses from preventing women from getting loans or credit.
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allowed Native American Groups to control federally funded programs in their communities
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Government program to eliminate poverty and social inequality
Johnson created creative federalism, which released national funds to achieve national goals.
If states didn’t cooperate, they would lose federal funding. -
Returned some authority to state governments
Began in 1980s
Ronald Reagan believed state governments could better provide services to the people
Cut national grant money and relaxed national requirements -
Established the rationale for qualified immunity
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Limited police use of lethal force
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Juries must consider if the officer believed force was reasonable
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Up to 1.8 million immigrants in 2016
Allowed 30,000 refugees in 2019
Down from 85,000 in 2016 -
Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places that are open to the general public. -
Increased border control; easier to deport undocumented aliens, increased penalties for smuggling people into the country.
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Ruled 2nd Amendment right to bear arms includes the right to self defense
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Ruled 2nd Amendment applies to federal, state, and local governments; upheld 2nd Amendment -
698 of every 100,000 Americans was in jail or prison.
The U.S. still has the highest level of incarceration in the world. -
Someone living in a country without authorization from the government
Estimated undocumented population in 2017: 10.5 million -
Court ruled a ban on immigration from majority-Muslim countries did not violate the Establishment Clause
