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Industrial Revolution
Period of time consisting of major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology that had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. Transition from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads, and railways. -
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Seven Years War
In Europe, the conflict was Great Britain, allied with Prussia and Hanover, against France, allied with Austria, Sweden, Saxony, Russia and Spain. In America and Asia, British colonies confronted French colonies. New France and New England fought each other for possession of the continent and control of the fur trade. Resulted in Treaty of Saint Petersburg, Treaty of Paris, Treaty of Hubertusburg, Canada, Florida, and Bengal annexed to Great Britain, France transfers Louisiana to Spain. -
Spinng Jenny
Invented by James Hargreaves, reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a worker able to work eight or more spools at once. -
Water Frame
The use of a water wheel to drive a number of spinning frames. The water wheel provided more power to the spinning frame than human operators, reducing the amount of human labor needed and increasing the spindle count dramatically. -
Steam Engine
Invented by James Watt, first type of steam engine to make use of steam at a pressure just above atmospheric to drive the piston helped by a partial vacuum. -
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Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of Haitian Revolution, began his military career as leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in the French colony of Saint Domingue, gradually established control over the whole island, expelling the British invaders. Prulgated an autonomist constitution for the colony, with himself as governor for life. In 1802, he was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the colony. -
Cotton Gin
Invented by Eli Whitney, mechanical device which removes the seeds from cotton, key invention of Industrial Revolution, contributed to the economic development of the Southern states of the United States. -
Britain Outlaws Slave Trade
The Slave Trade Act, abolished slave trade, slavery still present. -
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Mexican Independence
Armed conflict between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial authorities, war resulted in first Mexican Empire that gains independence from Spain. Led by Miguel Hidalgo. -
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Brazillian Independence
Series of political events involving disputes between Brazil and Portugal regarding call for independence presented by the Brazilian Kingdom. Independence War ended with independence of Brazil. -
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Greek Independence
Successful war of independence waged by the Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire. War resulted in Greek victory through intervention of the Great Powers and establishment of the Kingdom of Greece. -
Dissolution of Janissaries
Janissaries had gained a self importance attitude and seeked better treatment. The Sultan Mahmad II created a new army under secracy, Janissaries executed or exiled -
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Afrikaners Great Trek
Afrikaners were decendents of Dutch settlers. The eastward and north-eastward migration away from British control in the Cape Colony, Founded new colonies. -
End of Atlantic Slave Trade
Countries slowly stopped being involved slave trade as industrialism grew. Brazil was the last to ban slave trade in 1831, illegal slave trade continued, slaves couldn't be traded, but slavery still existent. -
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First Opium War
Fought between United Kingdom and Qing. Chinese officials wished to stop an outflow of silver and control the spread of opium and confiscated supplies of the drug from British traders. The British government objected to this seizure and had a newly developed military power to enforce violent redress. Ended with Treaty of Nanking: granted an indemnity to Britain, the opening of five treaty ports, and the cession of Hong Kong Island. -
Telegraph
Invented by Samuel Morse, could transmit messages from one location to another over long distances, used in the stock exchanges and on the railway systems during Industrial Revolution. -
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Revolutions in Austria, Germany, Hungary, and Italy
Democratic and nationalist revolutions across Europe, beginning with French Revolution. Demand for more liberalism and democracy, led by a coalition of middle classes and workers against the aristocracies. Revolutions in Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary failed. -
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Taiping Rebellion
Widespread civil war in southern China, led by Hong Xiuquan against the ruling Qing Dynasty. The rebels attempted social reforms and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism and Chinese folk religion with a form of Christianity. Resulted in victory by the Qing Dynasty, fall of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, and weakening of the Qing Dynasty. -
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Commodore Mathew Perry in Japan
Wanted a trade treaty, intimidated Japanese with big powerful ships and presented letter from US President Fillmore. Came back a year later and presented a treaty that covered demands of US Presidents Fillmore's letter. -
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Crimean War
Conflict fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. Resulted in victory of allied powers and Treaty of Paris. -
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Second Opium War
War of British Empire and the Second French Empire against the Qing Dynasty of China. In an effort to expand their privileges in China, Britain demanded the Qing authorities renegotiate the Treaty of Nanking, citing their most favoured nation status. British demands included opening all of China to British merchants and legalising the opium trade. Qing refused, began war. Ended with Southern Kowloon ceding to the United Kingdom and Amur Annexation by Russia. -
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Sepoy Rebellion
Revolt of Sepoy and Indian soldiers against East India Company, resulted in Britain directly ruling India through the British Raj. -
Britain takes over India
After Sepoy Rebellion, power in India transferred to the Crown, establishing the British Raj and resulting in India being directly ruled by Britian. -
Emancipation of the Russian Serfs
First and most important of liberal reforms effected during the reign of Alexander II of Russia, serfs were granted the full rights of free citizens, gaining the rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business. -
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Meiji Restoration
Chain of events that brought fall to Tokugawa shogunate and restored imperial rule to Japan under emperor Meiji. Enormous changes to political, economic, and social strutures. Brought modernization, westernization, centralization, industrialization, and imperialism to Japan. -
Suez Canal
Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt. Connected the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, allowed water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. -
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Imperialization of Africa
Scramble for Africa. Process of invasion, attack, occupation, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the New Imperialism period. -
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Boxer Rebellion
Pro-nationalsit movement opposing foreign imperialism and Christianity. Anger against unequal treaties lead to violent revolts against foreign interest. Ended with eight-nation allience defeating Chinas imperial army and huge fine for China. -
Aswan Dam
Built to reduce flooding and support population growth in lower Nile, but was inadequate. Was raised twice and then rebuilt upstream in 1970. Constructed by British during their occupation of Egypt. -
African National Congress
Organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. It was banned and its leaders were jailed for many years, but it eventually helped bring majority rule to South Africa. -
Overthrow of Qing Dynasty
By early 20th century, mass civil disorder had begun and continuously grown in China. The Revolution of 1911 led by Sun Yat-sen broke out and overthrew the Qing Dynasty, eneding two thousand years of Chinese feudal monarchy. Later led to establishment of Republic of China. -
Panama Canal
Ship canal that joins Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, cut across the isthmus of Panama. Huge impact on trade because shortened route and didn't require going around South America.