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Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of several wars fought in Europe, all involving Napoleon's France. -
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Congress of Vienna meets to restore stability in Europe
The Congress of Vienna met in hopes of reestablishing borders and monarchies after the defeat of Napoleonic France. -
Napoleon defeated at Waterloo
In the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium, a French army led by Napoleon was defeated by the Duke of Wellington. -
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Greek Independence
The Greek Revolution begins as a movement for independence from the Ottoman Empire. -
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Belgian Revolution
The Belgian Revolution separated Belgium from the Netherlands as its own independent kingdom, with French as the new official language. -
Liverpool-Manchester Railroad opens
The first inter-city railroad in the world opens using exclusively steam power. -
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Queen Victoria’s reign in Britain
Queen Victoria’s reign in Britain lasts 63 years, ending with her death. -
Potato Famine in Ireland begins
The Irish Potato Famine begins after a disease affecting potatoes, the main source of food, spread through the area. -
The Revolutions of 1848
The Revolutions of 1848 were a series of revolutions across Europe against monarchs, most of which failed. -
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Italy unifies
Italy's unification was triggered by the Revolutions of 1848, and concluded in 1871 with the declaration of Rome as its capitol. -
Marx & Engels publish The Communist Manifesto
Marx & Engels publish The Communist Manifesto, a detailed writing of their economic beliefs, theories and ideas. -
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Crimean War
The Crimean War is fought between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. -
Bessemer Process is invented
Henry Bessemer patented the process, which had the purpose of removing impurities from iron. -
Britain begins rule of India
The British Crown takes rule of India until 1947. -
Charles Darwin publishes the Origins of Species
The scientifically groundbreaking 'On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection' is published by Charles Darwin. -
Czar Alexander II frees the Serfs
The Russian emperor issues the Emancipation Manifesto, freeing Russian serfs. -
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Germany unifies
The process of German unification concludes with the proclamation of the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles. -
Dynamite invented
Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invents dynamite using nitroglycerin. -
Britain grants Canada self-rule
The British North America Act is passed, granting Canada self-rule. -
French-built Suez Canal opens in Egypt
The Suez Canal is finished and opens, connecting the Mediterranean and Red Seas. -
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Franco-Prussian War
The Franco-Prussian war is fought and ultimately ended with the Treaty of Versailles. -
Czar Alexander II assassinated
Czar Alexander II is fatally injured by a bomb thrown by the People’s Will” group.