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Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia.
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the Songhay Empire began when the Songhai king took advantage of a weakened Mali Empire to extend control over ever more territory.
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He was the prince of Portuguese, who encouraged the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. Henry led the attack on Ceuta and was the third son of the king of Portugal.
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The first slaves were brought to Portugal in 1441 for Prince Henry. He established a slave market and fort in Arguin Bay in 1445 .Muslims were taken prisoner and enslaved by Christians in the wars.Initially the trade developed with Portugal as the hub of business, with goods and slaves traded.
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Mehmed was famous for conquering Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. He established the rule of Islam over all the lands held by the Roman Empire and the political foundation of the Ottoman state.
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Sunni Ali made the Songhai Empire to grow larger and more power.The achievement of the Songhai Empire was due to the centralized power structure of Sunni.
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Last Aztec emperor overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes. He sent messengers to greet Cortes and determine whether he was god or man, friend or foe.
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He wrote the Pope Leo, asking him to stop this and challenged the preachers to a debate on the theology of indulgences in a document called the 95 Theses. However, Pope Leo saw his letter as a challenge to papel power and was excommunicated. Luther then began the Protestant Reformation. He proclaimed that the only way to salvation was through faith.
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By passing the Cape of Good Hope, Diaz proved that the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were not landlocked and found a sea route to India.
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In his 1st voyage Columbus discovers the Americas however he believed he was in India. The discovery of these lands led to pressure between the Europeans. Many of the native tribes were ruined by disease and settlement by Europeans.
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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus’s voyages.
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Iranian kingdom established by Ismail Safavi. The Safavid Empire was a theocracy. The Empire's economic strength came from its location on the trade routes. The Empire declined when it became satisfied and corrupt.
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The Russian Empire rose when small kingdoms came together to invade the nearby lands to create it.The Russian Empire ended with many rebellions; strikes from peasants increased and ending the empire.
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He denied that even human faith could be worth salvation. He also went further than Luther in restricting the power of a religious hierarchy and in shortening religious rituals. He had the concept double predestination: God elects some for salvation and dooms others to damnation.
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The Spanish came to explore new lands and decided to look for gold. The Aztecs confuse Hernan Cortes as a God but Cortes betrayed them and turned against them. The Aztecs were destroyed.
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Suleyman expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean and changed the Ottoman legal system. He rose up the Ottoman’s political, military, and economic power to the highest level.
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Centralized government that brought together many smaller kingdoms, gave government with respect for human rights, and a system of education.
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expanded the empire and followed a policy of resolution with Hindus. He established the central administration and granted land revenues to military officers and government officials in return for their service. Akbar formed a delegated government in where the provincial governors were responsible for the quality of government in their territory.
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In 1606, he built a telescope and was able to magnify distant objects thirty times beyond the naked eye. With his telescope he observed that the moon had mountains and valleys; the sun had spots; and other planets had their own moons. Galileo argued that the conflict between scripture and science was only obvious.
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Tokugawa leyasu had established this new military government. It was the last of the three Shogunates of Japan. It was a feudal military dictatorship that held power during the Edo period.
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worst of the international conflicts caused long-lasting depopulation and economic decline in much of the Holy Roman Empire.The conflict is mostly religious in nature, due to the conflict between the Protestants and the Catholics.
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English political philosopher who disputed monarchial claims to absolute authority by divine right. If monarchs overstepped the law, Lock argued, citizens had not only the right but also the duty to rebel.
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Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. Many times Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911.
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Russian tsar, he introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian. He carried out a policy of modernization and expansion that turned Russia into an empire.
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The Glorious Revolution in the end established the supremacy of parliament over the British monarchy, forming of a constitutional empire and parliamentary democracy. It replaced James II, leaving in charge his protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange.
