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Period: Jan 1, 1450 to
First Semester Time Line
Red = Political/Military
Blue= Social/Economic
Green = Intellectual/Religious -
May 22, 1455
War of the Roses Begins
The Wars of the Roses were a series of dynastic civil wars for the throne of England, fought between supporters of two rival branches of the Royal House of Plantagenet: the houses of Lancaster and York. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: England -
Sep 30, 1455
Gutenburg’s Bible
The Gutenberg Bible was the first major book printed with a movable type printing press, marking the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of the printed book. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
Empire/State: Holy Roman Empire -
Oct 19, 1469
Marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella
Grouping: Political/Military
Empire/State: Portugal, France -
Jun 21, 1513
Machiavelli's The Prince
The Prince is a political treatise by the Italian diplomat, historian and political theorist Niccolò Machiavelli. Grouping: Political/Military
Empire/State: Italian City States -
Oct 31, 1517
Martin Luther’s 95 theses on the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany
The primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
Empire/State: Holy Roman Empire -
Dec 1, 1524
Peasant Revolts in Germany
The Peasants' Revolt was a popular revolt that took place in Europe during 1524–1525. It consisted, like the preceding Bundschuh movement and the Hussite Wars, of a series of both economic and religious revolts in which peasants, townsfolk and nobles all participated. Grouping: Political/Military, Intellectual/Religious, Social/Economic State/Empire: Germany -
Dec 3, 1533
Ivan the Terrible's Rule (1533-1584)
Grand Prince of Moscow (1533-1584) Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Russia -
Aug 15, 1534
Society of Jesus (Jesuits) of Ignatius Loyola approved by the Pope
A religious order of men called Jesuits, who follow the teachings of the Catholic Church. -
Dec 1, 1536
John Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religion
John Calvin's seminal work on Protestant systematic theology. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: N/A -
Nov 7, 1540
Scientific Revolution (1540-1690)
In the history of science, the Scientific Revolution was a period when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, human anatomy, chemistry, and other sciences led to a rejection of doctrines that had prevailed starting in Ancient Greece and continuing through the Middle Ages, and laid the foundation of modern science. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: Mainly England -
Dec 1, 1543
Copernicus On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres
Demonstrated that the motion of the heavens can be explained without the Earth being in the geometric center of the system. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: N/A -
Dec 13, 1545
Council of Trent (Catholic reformation) begins
The 16th-century Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church.
Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: Holy Roman Empire -
Jul 25, 1554
Philip II rules Spain (1556-1598)
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Spain -
Sep 25, 1555
War of the League of Schmalkald against Charles V-Ends in Peace of Augsberg
The Peace established the principle Cuius regio, eius religio, which allowed German princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism within the domains they controlled, ultimately reaffirming the independence they had over their states. rouping: Political/Military, Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: Holy Roman Empire -
Nov 17, 1558
Elizabeth I rules England
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: England -
Mar 16, 1562
French Civil Wars (1562-1598)
The name given to a period of civil infighting and military operations, primarily fought between French Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots). Grouping: Intellectual/Religious, Political/Military
State/Empire: France -
Jan 27, 1566
1566 Revolt in the Netherlands begins against Spanish King Philip II
The Dutch Revolt or the Revolt of the Netherlands (1566 or 1568-1609) was the partially successful revolt of the protestant Seventeen Provinces of the defunct Duchy of Burgundy in the Low Countries against the ardent militant religious policies of Roman Catholicism pressed by both Charles I and son Phillip
II of Spanish Empire. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious. Political/Military
Empire/State: Spain, Holy Roman Empire, Netherlands -
Jul 24, 1567
Rule of James I England
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: England -
Feb 19, 1568
Civil Wars in the Netherlands (1568-1578)
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Netherlands -
Aug 23, 1572
Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Ws a targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants), during the French Wars of Religion. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious, Political/Military
State/Empire: France -
Mary Queen of Scots beheaded for plot to assassinate Elizabeth
In 1586 letters sent to Mary by a Catholic called Thomas Babington, were found. The letters revealed a plot to kill Elizabeth and replace her with Mary. Elizabeth had no choice but to sign Mary's death warrant. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: England -
Spanish armada (armada catolicá) sunk by “protestant winds” in war against England
The fleet's mission was to sail to the Gravelines in Flanders and transport an army under the Duke of Parma across the Channel to England. The mission eventually failed due to early English attacks on the Armada, especially during the Battle of Gravelines, strategic errors by the Duke of Medina Sidonia, and bad weather. Grouping: Political/Military
Empire/State: England, Spain -
Edict of Nantes in France under Henry IV ends civil war of Catholics versus Huguenots
Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. Grouping: Political/Military, Intellectual/Religious -
Dutch East India company established
It was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to issue stock. It was also arguably the world's first megacorporation, possessing quasi-governmental powers, including the ability to wage war, imprison and execute convicts, negotiate treaties, coin money, and establish colonies. Grouping: Social/Economic
State/Empire: Dutch Netherlands -
Defenestration of Prague
On May 23, 1618, an assembly of Protestants, led by Count Thurn whom the Emperor had deprived of his post as Castellan of Karlstadt and who, in reaction to an inflammatory letter received from the Emperor's principal adviser, Bishop Klesl, had exhorted his followers to throw the Regents appointed by the Emperor out the window "as is customary." -
Confession of Augsburg forms League of Schmalkald against Charles V
The primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran reformation. The Schmalkaldic League was a defensive alliance of Lutheran princes within the Holy Roman Empire during the mid-16th century. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: Holy Roman Empire -
English Civil War
A series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: England -
Louis XIV rules France
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: France -
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended the Thirty Years' War. Grouping: Politcal/Military, Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: Participants of the Thirty Years' War -
The Fronde rebellion against Cardinal Mazarin and the young Louis XIV in Paris
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: France -
Russians legalized serfdom
After the passage of laws which further restricted the peasants' right to free movement, the vast majority of the Russian peasantry was finally bound in full serfdom. Grouping: Social/Economic
State/Empire: Russia -
Military Dictatorship of Oliver Cromwell in England
Grouping: Political/Military, Social/Economic
State/Empire: England -
Restoration of English Monarchy under Charles II
The Restoration of the monarchy began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Interregnum that followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Grouping: Political/Military
Empire/State: England -
Cossack revolt led by Razin
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Russia -
Peter the Great rules Russia
Grouping: Political/Military, Social/Economic, Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: Russia -
Habsburgs win war against Ottoman Turks
Regain of Hungary/loss of it.
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Habsburgs, Ottoman Turks -
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Grouping: Political/Military, Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: France -
Newton’s Principia
"Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"
Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: N/A -
Glorious Revolution in England
The overthrow of King James II of England (VII of Scotland and II of Ireland) in 1688 by a union of Parliamentarians with an invading army led by the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange) who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England together with his wife Mary II of England. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: England -
The Enlightenment (1690-1780)
the era in Western philosophy, intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. Grouping: Social/Economic, Intellectual/Religious
Stat/Empire: All of Europe -
Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding
The essay concerns the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious
State/Empire: England -
Peter the Great’s “Great Embassy” trip to western Europe
Toured Europe, to learn skills, trades, and general knowledge from Western Europe, to apply to Russia. Grouping: Intellectual/Religious, Social/Economic, Political/Military
State/Empire: Russia -
War of Spanish Succession
fought among several European powers, principally the Spanish loyal to Archduke Charles, the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal and the Duchy of Savoy against the Spanish loyal to Philip V, France and the Electorate of Bavaria over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under one Bourbon monarch. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Large part of Europe -
Peace of Utrecht ends the wars against Louis XIV (war of Spanish succession)
Ends wars against Louis XIV. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: France, Spain, Portugal, United Provinces -
The “Pragmatic Sanction” signed
An edict issued by Emperor Charles VI to ensure that the Austrian throne and Habsburg lands could be inherited by a daughter. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Austria -
Frederick William rules Prussia
Grouping: Political/Military
Empire/State: Prussia -
Frederick II (the Great), who had just become Prussian king, attacked Marie Theresa, who had just become Empress of Austria, for the territory of Silesia
Territorial warsfor political and economic control of the same region between the same two prime combatants (and their changing allies) but always contesting for the one of the richest regions in Europe. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Holy Roman Empire, Prussia -
Reign of Maria Theresa (Austria)
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Austria -
Enlightened Absolutism (1750-1790)
A form of absolute monarchy or despotism in which rulers were influenced by the Enlightenment. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Most of Europe -
The “Diplomatic Revolution”
The reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances which were upheld until the War of Austrian Succession and then reversed in the Seven Years' War. Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Large portions of Europe -
End of the Seven Years War
Grouping: Political/Military
State/Empire: Europe, Africa, India, North America, South America, the Philippine Islands
