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Period: 3000 BCE to
Sumerian period/ Early Dynastic period(Mesopotamia)
The Early Dynastic Period of Mesopotamia is the modern-day archaeological term for the era in Mesopotamian history – 2900-2334 BCE – during which some of the most significant cultural advances were made including the rise of the cities, the development of writing, and the establishment of governments. This era was preceded by the Uruk Period (4100-2900 BCE) when the first cities were established in the region of Sumer (southern Mesopotamia) and succeeded by the Akkadian Period (2334-2218 BCE). -
Period: 2700 BCE to 2200 BCE
Old Kingdom(Egypt)
In ancient Egyptian history, the Old Kingdom is the period spanning c. 2700–2200 BC. It is also known as the "Age of the Pyramids" or the "Age of the Pyramid Builders", as it encompasses the reigns of the great pyramid-builders of the Fourth Dynasty, such as King Sneferu, who perfected the art of pyramid- building, and the kings Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure, who constructed the pyramids at Giza. -
Period: 2300 BCE to 1800 BCE
Akkadian Empire(Mesopotamia)
Akkad was the seat of the Akkadian Empire (2334-2218 BCE), the first multi-national political entity in the world, founded by Sargon the Great (r. 2334-2279 BCE) who unified Mesopotamia under his rule and set the model for later Mesopotamian kings to follow or attempt to surpass. The Akkadian Empire set a number of "firsts' which would later become standard.
No one knows where the city of Akkad was located.Yet once it was the seat of the Akkadian Empire which ruled over a vast expanse. -
Period: 2050 BCE to 1720 BCE
Middle Kingdom(Egypt)
The Middle Kingdom is the period in the history of ancient Egypt stretching from the establishment of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Fourteenth Dynasty, between 2050 BC and 1652 BC.
The period comprises two phases, the Eleventh Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes, and the Twelfth Dynasty onwards, which was centered around el-Lisht.
The Eleventh Dynasty of Ancient Egypt was a group of pharaohs, early members, grouped with the four preceding dynasties. -
Period: 1800 BCE to 1350 BCE
Babylonian Empire(Mesopotamia)
Babylonia, ancient cultural region occupying southeastern Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Because the city of Babylon was the capital of this area for so many centuries, the term Babylonia has come to refer to the entire culture that developed in the area from the time it was first settled, about 4000 BCE. Before Babylon’s rise to political prominence (c. 1850 BCE), however, the area was divided into two countries: Sumer in the southeast and Akkad in the northwest. -
Period: 1550 BCE to 1069 BCE
New Kingdom(Egypt)
Late in the Second Intermediate Period (ca. 1650–1550 B.C.), the Theban rulers (Dynasty 17) began to drive the Hyksos kings (Dynasty 15) from the Delta. This was finally accomplished by Ahmose I, who reunited Egypt, ushering in the New Kingdom—the third great era of Egyptian culture.
Ahmose’s successors in Dynasty 18 conducted military campaigns that extended Egypt’s influence in the Near East and established Egyptian control of Nubia to the fourth cataract -
Period: 1350 BCE to 612 BCE
Assyrian Empire(Mesopotamia)
Assyria was located in the northern part of Mesopotamia, which corresponds to most parts of modern-day Iraq.It had relatively humble beginnings as a nation-state early in the second millennium B.C.E. Its status underwent many changes; though sometimes it was an independent state, it also fell to the Babylonian Empire, and later to Mittani rule.
But unlike other states, because of their technological advances in warfare, the Assyrians maintained their land. -
Period: 753 BCE to 509 BCE
Monarchy(Rome)
The most accepted date for the foundation of Rome is 753 BC. The first form of government in Rome was monarchical according to the archaeological findings and the legends. In the excavations carried out in the Roman Forum, in the Regia, which was the former royal residence, a glass of bucchero was founding dating from the seventh century with the inscription Rex (king). The word regei was also found on the Lapis Niger, an ancient shrine in the Roman Forum. -
Period: 750 BCE to 500 BCE
Archaic Period(Greece)
The Greek Archaic Period (c. 800- 479 BCE) started from what can only be termed uncertainty, and ended with the Persians being ejected from Greece for good after the battles of Plataea and Mykale in 479 BCE. The Archaic Period is preceded by the Greek Dark Age (c.1200- 800 BCE), a period about which little is known for sure, and followed by the Classical Period (c. 510- 323 BCE), which is one of the better documented periods of Greek history with tragedies, comedies, histories, legal cases... -
Period: 715 BCE to 31 BCE
Late Period(Egypt)
The Third Intermediate Period of Ancient Egypt started with the death of Ramesses XI in 1077 BCE and ended with the founding of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty by Psamtik I in 664 BCE. It was a period of over 400 years during which Egypt was either divided or ruled by Libyan and Nubian pharaohs. And yet it would be wrong to see this period as a Dark Age in which Egypt was in total chaos and decline.
There were also times of stability and beautiful art was made,especially during the Twenty-First Dynasty -
Period: 612 BCE to 539 BCE
Neo-Babylonian Empire(Mesopotamia)
The most famous king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire was crowned in 604 BC his name was Nebuchadnezzar II.
Nebuchadnezzar II destroyed Jerusalem in the early 6th century BC.
The chronology of Mesopotamia is complicated. Scholars refer to places Sumer, for example and peoples (the Babylonians), but also empires (Babylonia). we might, speak of the very ancient Babylonians starting in the 1800s B.C.E. and then also the Neo-Babylonians more than a thousand years later. -
Period: 509 BCE to 27 BCE
Republic(Rome)
It all started when the Romans overthrew their Etruscan conquerors in 509 BC. Centered north of Rome, the Etruscans had ruled the Romans for hundreds of years. Once free, the Romans established a republic, a government in which citizens elected representatives to rule on their behalf. A republic is quite different from a democracy, in which all citizens are expected to play an active role in the government of the state. -
Period: 500 BCE to 323 BCE
Classical Period(Greece)
The term "Classical Greece" refers to the period between the Persian wars in the early 5th century BC. C. and the death of Alexander the Great in 323 a. C.
The classical period was an era of war and conflict, first between the Greeks and the Persians. , then between the Athenians and the Spartans, but it was also an era of unprecedented political and cultural achievement.In addition to the Parthenon and Greek tragedy, classical Greece brought us the historian Herodotus... -
Period: 323 BCE to 31 BCE
Helenistic Period(Greece)
In 336 BC C., Alexander the Great became the leader of the Greek kingdom of Macedonia. When he died 13 years later, Alexander had built an empire that stretched from Greece to India. That brief but comprehensive campaign of empire building changed the world: he spread Greek ideas and culture from the eastern Mediterranean to Asia.
Historians call this time the “Hellenistic period”.The word “Hellenistic” comes from the word Hellazein, which means “to speak Greek or identify with Greeks”) -
Period: 110 BCE to 750 BCE
Dark Age(Greece)
During the Middle Ages of Greece, the major former settlements (with the notable exception of Athens) were abandoned, and the population was drastically reduced in number.
Within these three hundred years, the people of Greece lived in small groups constantly moving according to their new pastoral lifestyle and the needs of livestock, leaving no written record that would lead to the conclusion that they were illiterate.
Later, in the Middle Ages, the Greeks learned to write again. -
Period: 27 BCE to 476
Empire(Rome)
An empire is a political system in which a group of people is ruled by a single individual, an emperor or empress. The Roman Empire began with the reign of Emperor Augustus.
The power of the Senate was limited and it became a supporting body for the emperor. The period between Augustus and Diocletian is called the High Empire, while the Late Empire is the era between Diocletian and the fall of the Roman Empire in the West.
The Roman Empire at its territorial peak. -
31
Battle of Actium
At the Battle of Actium, off the western coast of Greece, the Roman leader Octavian wins a decisive victory against the forces of Roman Mark Antony and Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt. Before his forces suffered final defeat, Antony and Cleopatra broke through enemy lines and fled to Egypt, where they committed suicide the following year.
With the assassination of the Roman dictator Julius Caesar in 44 B.C. C., Rome fell into a civil war. To end the fighting, they formed a coalition -
44
Assassination of Julius Caesar
On March 15, 44 B.C. Julius Caesar was stabbed to death in Italy. Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic, and his assassins were Roman senators, fellow politicians who helped shape Roman politics and government.
Julius Caesar was immensely popular with the people of Rome. He was a successful military leader who expanded the republic to include parts of what are now Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium. Caesar was also a popular author who wrote about his travels. -
202
Battle of Zama
Battle of Zama, (202 BC), victory of the Romans led by Scipio the African the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. The last and decisive battle of the Second Punic War, it effectively ended both Hannibal's command of the Carthaginian forces and Carthage's chances of significantly opposing Rome. The battle took place at a site identified by Roman historian Titus Livy as Naraggara.
The name Zama was given to the site which modern historians have never accurately identified. -
432
Construction of the Parthenon
The Parthenon is a resplendent marble temple built between 447 and 432 BC. C. during the height of the ancient Greek Empire. Dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, the Parthenon sits atop a complex of temples known as the Acropolis of Athens. Over the centuries, the Parthenon withstood earthquakes, fires, wars, explosions and looting and remains, though battered, a powerful symbol of ancient Greece and Athenian culture.The Parthenon was the center of religious life. -
480
Battle of Thermopiles
Thermopylae is a mountain pass near the sea in northern Greece that was the scene of several battles in ancient times, most famously between Persians and Greeks in August 480 BC. Despite being greatly outnumbered, the Greeks held the narrow pass for three days with the Spartan king Leonidas fighting a last minute defense with a small force of Spartans and other Greek hoplites. Finally, the Persians took control of the pass, but the heroic defeat of Leonidas would assume legendary proportions. -
480
Battle of salamis
Battle of Salamis, (480 BC), battle in the Greco-Persian Wars in which a Greek fleet defeated much larger Persian naval forces in the Straits of Salamis, between the island of Salamis and the Athenian port city of The Piraeus. By 480 the Persian king Xerxes and his army had overrun much of Greece, and his navy of some 800 galleys suppressed the smaller Greek fleet of some 370 triremes in the Saronic Gulf. The Greek commander,Temístocles, lured the Persian fleet into the narrow waters of Salamis. -
490
Battle of Maraton
The battle on the plain of Marathon in September 490 BC. between the Greeks and the invading forces of Persian King DariusI It was a victory that would go down in folklore as the moment when the Greek city-states showed the world their courage and excellence and won their freedom. Although in reality the battle only set the Persians back in their imperialist ambitions and larger battles would follow, Marathon was the first time that the Achaemenid Persian Empire had shown itself to be victorious -
Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi was one of the oldest and most complete written legal codes and was proclaimed by the Babylonian King Hammurabi, who reigned from 1792 to 1750 BC. C. Hammurabi expanded the city-state of Babylon along the Euphrates River to unite all of southern Mesopotamia. Hammurabi's law code, a collection of 282 rules, established standards for business interactions and set fines and penalties to meet the requirements of justice.
The Code of Hammurabi was carved into a huge stela -
Unification of Lower and Upper Egypt by King Narmer
After over a thousand years as separate cultures, Upper and Lower Egypt were unified around 3150 B.C.E. after a series of land battles.
The unification of Upper and Lower Egypt is highly significant in the history of Egypt and Mesopotamia, as Egypt became the first empire in this region. Additionally, Egypt's expansion into the territories of other nations, and its participation in Mediterranean trade, allowed its art, culture, and religion to spread throughout the ancient world.